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Erişkinlerde büyüme hormonu tedavisi

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4, 521 - 526, 18.10.2012

Öz

Özet

Büyüme hormonu sentezi yaşam boyu devam eden, anabolizan etkisi olan, lipoliz ve karbonhidrat metabolizmasını etkileyen bir hormondur. Bin dokuz yüz seksenlerin 2. yarısına kadar çoğu endokrinolog erişkinlerde görülen büyüme hormonu eksikliğinin klinik bir sorun olmadığını düşünmekteydi. Erişkinlerde görülen büyüme hormonu eksikliği yaşam beklentisinde azalma, kardiyovasküler morbidite ve prematür aterosklerozda artış, vücut kompozisyonunda değişiklik, osteoporoz, egzersiz toleransında azalma ve yaşam kalitesinde düşme ile ilişkilidir. Büyüme hormonu replasman tedavisi, erişkin tip büyüme hormonu eksikliği olan hipofizer yetmezliği olanlarda faydalı etkiler gösterir. Büyüme hormonu eksikliği olanlarda büyüme hormonu tedavisi ile yaşam kalitesi, kemik mineral dansitesi, vücut kompozisyonu, egzersiz toleransı, lipid profili ve kan şekeri gibi vasküler risk faktörlerinde olumlu değişiklikler olduğu gösterilmiştir. Çocukluk döneminde başlayan büyüme hormonu eksikliklerinde, erişkin boya ulaştıktan sonra, büyüme hormonu durumu geçiş döneminde yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Böylece maksimum kemik ve kas artışı gibi tam somatik gelişimi sağlamak için BH replasmanına devam edilip edilmeyeceğine karar verilebilir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Büyüme hormonu eksikliği, tedavi

Abstract

Growth hormone secretion occurs throughout life and is known to have profound effects on anabolism, lipolysis, and carbohydrate metabolism. Until the second half of 1980’s growth hormone deficiency in adult life was not considered as a clinical problem by most endocrinologists. Growth hormone deficiency in adults is associated with reduced life expectancy, increased cardiovascular morbidity and premature atherosclerosis, changes in body composition, osteoporosis, reduced exercise tolerance and reduced quality of life. Growth hormone replacement therapy has important beneficial effects in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency. It is shown that growth hormone therapy has a positive influence in growth hormone deficiency patients on quality of life, bone mineral density, body composition, exercise tolerance and vascular risk factors such as blood glucose levels and lipid profile. In patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency, after cessation of linear growth, growth hormone status should be reevaluated in the transition age for continued growth hormone replacement to achieve full somatic development including the maintenance of maximal bone and muscle mass.

Keywords: Growth hormone deficiency, treatment

Kaynakça

  • Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 1990; 336: 285-8.
  • Wüster C, Slenczka E, Ziegler R. Increased prevalence of osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis in conventionally substituted anterior pituitary insufficiency: need for additional growth hormone substitution? Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69: 769-73.
  • Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Thomas E, Rutherford O, Page B, Murphy M, Johnston DG. Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42: 179-89.
  • Rosén T, Wirén L, Wilhelmsen L, Wiklund I, Bengtsson BA. Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 40: 111-6.
  • Rosilio M, Blum WF, Edwards DJ, Shavrikova EP, Valle D, Lamberts SW, Erfurth EM, Webb SM, Ross RJ, Chihara K, Henrich G, Herschbach P, Attanasio AF. Long-term improvement of quality of life during growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency, as measured by questions on life satisfaction-hypopituitarism (QLS-H). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1684-93.
  • Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML; Endocrine Society. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1587-609.
  • Longobardi S, Merola B, Pivonello R, Di Rella F, Di Somma C, Colao A, Ghigo E, Camanni F, Lombardi G. Reevaluation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in 69 adults diagnosed as GH-deficient patients during childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1244-7.
  • Cacciari E, Tassoni P, Parisi G, Pirazzoli P, Zucchini S, Mandini M, Cicognani A, Balsamo A. Pitfalls in diagnosing impaired growth hormone (GH) secretion: retesting after replacement therapy of 63 patients defined as GH deficient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1284-9.
  • Wacharasindhu S, Cotterill AM, Camacho-Hübner C, Besser GM, Savage MO. Normal growth hormone secretion in growth hormone insufficient children retested after completion of linear growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 45: 553- 6.
  • Ho KK; 2007 GH Deficiency Consensus Workshop Participants. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157: 695-700.
  • Yuen KC, Cook DM, Sahasranam P, Patel P, Ghods DE, Shahinian HK, Friedman TC. Prevalence of GH and other anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies in adults with nonsecreting pituitary microadenomas and normal serum IGF-1 levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 292-8.
  • Agha A, Rogers B, Sherlock M, O’Kelly P, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ. Anterior pituitary dysfunction in survivors of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4929-36.
  • Tanrıverdi F, Unluhızarcı K, Coksevim B, Selçuklu A, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66: 360-6.
  • Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Tuschy U, Wallaschofski H, Fleck S, Faust M, Renner CI, Kopczak A, Saller B, Buchfelder M, Jordan M, Stalla GK. Structured assessment of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1242 patients: the German interdisciplinary database. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28: 1693-8.
  • Tanrıverdi F, Unluhızarcı K, Kelestimur F. Pituitary function in subjects with mild traumatic brain injury: a review of literature and proposal of a screening strategy. Pituitary 2010; 13: 146-53.
  • Darzy KH, Aimaretti G, Wieringa G, Gattamaneni HR, Ghigo E, Shalet SM. The usefulness of the combined growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and arginine stimulation test in the diagnosis of radiation-induced GH deficiency is dependent on the post-irradiation time interval. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 95-102.
  • Miller KK, Wexler T, Fazeli P, Gunnell L, Graham GJ, Beauregard C, Hemphill L, Nachtigall L, Loeffler J, Swearingen B, Biller BM, Klibanski A. Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acromegaly: a randomized, placebo- controlled study of growth hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 567-77.
  • Hartman ML, Weltman A, Zagar A, Qualy RL, Hoffman AR, Merriam GR. Growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency improves maximal oxygen consumption independently of dosing regimen or physical activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 125-30.
  • Götherström G, Elbornsson M, Stibrant-Sunnerhagen K, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G, Svensson J. Muscle strength in elderly adults with GH deficiency after 10 years of GH replacement. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163: 207-15.
  • Holmes SJ, Whitehouse RW, Swindell R, Economou G, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Effect of growth hormone replacement on bone mass in adults with adult onset growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42: 627-33.
  • Shalet SM, Shavrikova E, Cromer M, Child CJ, Keller E, Zapletalová J, Moshang T, Blum WF, Chipman JJ, Quigley CA, Attanasio AF. Effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone in postpubertal GH-deficient patients: a 2-year randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4124-9.
  • Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Sodini F, Saggese G. Acquisition of bone mass in normal individuals and in patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003; 16: 327-35.
  • van der Klaauw AA, Pereira AM, Rabelink TJ, Corssmit EP, Zonneveld AJ, Pijl H, de Boer HC, Smit JW, Romijn JA, de Koning EJ. Recombinant human GH replacement increases CD34+ cells and improves endothelial function in adults with GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159: 105-11.
  • Sesmilo G, Biller BM, Llevadot J, Hayden D, Hanson G, Rifai N, Klibanski A. Effects of growth hormone administration on inflammatory and other cardiovascular risk markers in men with growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2000 18; 133: 111-22.
  • Colao A, Di Somma C, Salerno M, Spinelli L, Orio F, Lombardi G. The cardiovascular risk of GH-deficient adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3650-5.
  • Schneider HJ, Klotsche J, Wittchen HU, Stalla GK, Schopohl J, Kann PH, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Wallaschofski H; German KIMS board and of the DETECT study. Effects of growth hormone replacement within the KIMS survey on estimated cardiovascular risk and predictors of risk reduction in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75: 825-30.
  • Attanasio AF, Lamberts SW, Matranga AM, Birkett MA, Bates PC, Valk NK, Hilsted J, Bengtsson BA, Strasburger CJ. Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 82-8.
  • Abs R, Mattsson AF, Bengtsson BA, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Góth MI, Koltowska- Häggström M, Monson JP, Verhelst J, Wilton P; KIMS Study Group. Isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adult patients: baseline clinical characteristics and responses to GH replacement in comparison with hypopituitary patients. A sub-analysis of the KIMS database. Growth Horm IGF Res 2005; 15: 349-59.
  • Falutz J. Growth hormone and HIV infection: contribution to disease manifestations and clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25: 517-29.
  • Burman P, Johansson AG, Siegbahn A, Vessby B, Karlsson FA. Growth hormone (GH)-deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 550-5.
  • Losa M, Scavini M, Gatti E, Rossini A, Madaschi S, Formenti I, Caumo A, Stidley CA, Lanzi R. Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Thyroid 2008; 18: 1249-54.
  • Giavoli C, Libé R, Corbetta S, Ferrante E, Lania A, Arosio M, Spada A, Beck- Peccoz P. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5397-401.
  • Holmes SJ, Shalet SM. Which adults develop side-effects of growth hormone replacement? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 43: 143-9.
  • Hansen R, Koller EA, Malozowski S. Full remission of growth hormone (GH)- induced retinopathy after GH treatment discontinuation: long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2627.
  • Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski DK, Fleming GA, Stadel BV. Benign intracranial hypertension in children with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 996-9.
  • Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 39: 417- 25.

Erişkinlerde büyüme hormonu tedavisi

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4, 521 - 526, 18.10.2012

Öz

Büyüme hormonu sentezi yaşam boyu devam eden, anabolizan etkisi olan, lipoliz ve karbonhidrat metabolizmasını etkileyen bir hormondur. Bin dokuz yüz seksenlerin 2. yarısına kadar çoğu endokrinolog erişkinlerde görülen büyüme hormonu eksikliğinin klinik bir sorun olmadığını düşünmekteydi. Erişkinlerde görülen büyüme hormonu eksikliği yaşam beklentisinde azalma, kardiyovasküler morbidite ve prematür aterosklerozda artış, vücut kompozisyonunda değişiklik, osteoporoz, egzersiz toleransında azalma ve yaşam kalitesinde düşme ile ilişkilidir. Büyüme hormonu replasman tedavisi, erişkin tip büyüme hormonu eksikliği olan hipofizer yetmezliği olanlarda faydalı etkiler gösterir. Büyüme hormonu eksikliği olanlarda büyüme hormonu tedavisi ile yaşam kalitesi, kemik mineral dansitesi, vücut kompozisyonu, egzersiz toleransı, lipid profili ve kan şekeri gibi vasküler risk faktörlerinde olumlu değişiklikler olduğu gösterilmiştir. Çocukluk döneminde başlayan büyüme hormonu eksikliklerinde, erişkin boya ulaştıktan sonra, büyüme hormonu durumu geçiş döneminde yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Böylece maksimum kemik ve kas artışı gibi tam somatik gelişimi sağlamak için BH replasmanına devam edilip edilmeyeceğine karar verilebilir

Kaynakça

  • Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 1990; 336: 285-8.
  • Wüster C, Slenczka E, Ziegler R. Increased prevalence of osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis in conventionally substituted anterior pituitary insufficiency: need for additional growth hormone substitution? Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69: 769-73.
  • Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Thomas E, Rutherford O, Page B, Murphy M, Johnston DG. Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42: 179-89.
  • Rosén T, Wirén L, Wilhelmsen L, Wiklund I, Bengtsson BA. Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 40: 111-6.
  • Rosilio M, Blum WF, Edwards DJ, Shavrikova EP, Valle D, Lamberts SW, Erfurth EM, Webb SM, Ross RJ, Chihara K, Henrich G, Herschbach P, Attanasio AF. Long-term improvement of quality of life during growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency, as measured by questions on life satisfaction-hypopituitarism (QLS-H). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1684-93.
  • Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML; Endocrine Society. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1587-609.
  • Longobardi S, Merola B, Pivonello R, Di Rella F, Di Somma C, Colao A, Ghigo E, Camanni F, Lombardi G. Reevaluation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in 69 adults diagnosed as GH-deficient patients during childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1244-7.
  • Cacciari E, Tassoni P, Parisi G, Pirazzoli P, Zucchini S, Mandini M, Cicognani A, Balsamo A. Pitfalls in diagnosing impaired growth hormone (GH) secretion: retesting after replacement therapy of 63 patients defined as GH deficient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1284-9.
  • Wacharasindhu S, Cotterill AM, Camacho-Hübner C, Besser GM, Savage MO. Normal growth hormone secretion in growth hormone insufficient children retested after completion of linear growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 45: 553- 6.
  • Ho KK; 2007 GH Deficiency Consensus Workshop Participants. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157: 695-700.
  • Yuen KC, Cook DM, Sahasranam P, Patel P, Ghods DE, Shahinian HK, Friedman TC. Prevalence of GH and other anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies in adults with nonsecreting pituitary microadenomas and normal serum IGF-1 levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 292-8.
  • Agha A, Rogers B, Sherlock M, O’Kelly P, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ. Anterior pituitary dysfunction in survivors of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4929-36.
  • Tanrıverdi F, Unluhızarcı K, Coksevim B, Selçuklu A, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66: 360-6.
  • Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Tuschy U, Wallaschofski H, Fleck S, Faust M, Renner CI, Kopczak A, Saller B, Buchfelder M, Jordan M, Stalla GK. Structured assessment of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1242 patients: the German interdisciplinary database. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28: 1693-8.
  • Tanrıverdi F, Unluhızarcı K, Kelestimur F. Pituitary function in subjects with mild traumatic brain injury: a review of literature and proposal of a screening strategy. Pituitary 2010; 13: 146-53.
  • Darzy KH, Aimaretti G, Wieringa G, Gattamaneni HR, Ghigo E, Shalet SM. The usefulness of the combined growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and arginine stimulation test in the diagnosis of radiation-induced GH deficiency is dependent on the post-irradiation time interval. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 95-102.
  • Miller KK, Wexler T, Fazeli P, Gunnell L, Graham GJ, Beauregard C, Hemphill L, Nachtigall L, Loeffler J, Swearingen B, Biller BM, Klibanski A. Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acromegaly: a randomized, placebo- controlled study of growth hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 567-77.
  • Hartman ML, Weltman A, Zagar A, Qualy RL, Hoffman AR, Merriam GR. Growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency improves maximal oxygen consumption independently of dosing regimen or physical activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 125-30.
  • Götherström G, Elbornsson M, Stibrant-Sunnerhagen K, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G, Svensson J. Muscle strength in elderly adults with GH deficiency after 10 years of GH replacement. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163: 207-15.
  • Holmes SJ, Whitehouse RW, Swindell R, Economou G, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Effect of growth hormone replacement on bone mass in adults with adult onset growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42: 627-33.
  • Shalet SM, Shavrikova E, Cromer M, Child CJ, Keller E, Zapletalová J, Moshang T, Blum WF, Chipman JJ, Quigley CA, Attanasio AF. Effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone in postpubertal GH-deficient patients: a 2-year randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4124-9.
  • Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Sodini F, Saggese G. Acquisition of bone mass in normal individuals and in patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003; 16: 327-35.
  • van der Klaauw AA, Pereira AM, Rabelink TJ, Corssmit EP, Zonneveld AJ, Pijl H, de Boer HC, Smit JW, Romijn JA, de Koning EJ. Recombinant human GH replacement increases CD34+ cells and improves endothelial function in adults with GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159: 105-11.
  • Sesmilo G, Biller BM, Llevadot J, Hayden D, Hanson G, Rifai N, Klibanski A. Effects of growth hormone administration on inflammatory and other cardiovascular risk markers in men with growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2000 18; 133: 111-22.
  • Colao A, Di Somma C, Salerno M, Spinelli L, Orio F, Lombardi G. The cardiovascular risk of GH-deficient adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3650-5.
  • Schneider HJ, Klotsche J, Wittchen HU, Stalla GK, Schopohl J, Kann PH, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Wallaschofski H; German KIMS board and of the DETECT study. Effects of growth hormone replacement within the KIMS survey on estimated cardiovascular risk and predictors of risk reduction in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75: 825-30.
  • Attanasio AF, Lamberts SW, Matranga AM, Birkett MA, Bates PC, Valk NK, Hilsted J, Bengtsson BA, Strasburger CJ. Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 82-8.
  • Abs R, Mattsson AF, Bengtsson BA, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Góth MI, Koltowska- Häggström M, Monson JP, Verhelst J, Wilton P; KIMS Study Group. Isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adult patients: baseline clinical characteristics and responses to GH replacement in comparison with hypopituitary patients. A sub-analysis of the KIMS database. Growth Horm IGF Res 2005; 15: 349-59.
  • Falutz J. Growth hormone and HIV infection: contribution to disease manifestations and clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25: 517-29.
  • Burman P, Johansson AG, Siegbahn A, Vessby B, Karlsson FA. Growth hormone (GH)-deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 550-5.
  • Losa M, Scavini M, Gatti E, Rossini A, Madaschi S, Formenti I, Caumo A, Stidley CA, Lanzi R. Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Thyroid 2008; 18: 1249-54.
  • Giavoli C, Libé R, Corbetta S, Ferrante E, Lania A, Arosio M, Spada A, Beck- Peccoz P. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5397-401.
  • Holmes SJ, Shalet SM. Which adults develop side-effects of growth hormone replacement? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 43: 143-9.
  • Hansen R, Koller EA, Malozowski S. Full remission of growth hormone (GH)- induced retinopathy after GH treatment discontinuation: long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2627.
  • Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski DK, Fleming GA, Stadel BV. Benign intracranial hypertension in children with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 996-9.
  • Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 39: 417- 25.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Fatih Kılıçlı

Hatice Dökmetaş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ekim 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kılıçlı F, Dökmetaş H. Erişkinlerde büyüme hormonu tedavisi. CMJ. Aralık 2012;34(4):521-526.