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Gama-glutamil transferazın oksidatif stres ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklarla ilişkisi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 291 - 301, 27.06.2013

Azize Şener , Özge Çevik

Öz

Özet

Gama-glutamil transferaz’ın (GGT) öncelikli rolü, hücre içi indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH) sentezi için gerekli olan öncül amino asitleri, özellikle de sisteini sağlamak için hücre dışı GSH’ın yıkımıdır. Böylece enzim, antioksidan etki gösterir. Ancak, GGT tarafından ekstrasellüler GSH’ın katabolizması, ortamda geçiş metalleri varlığında reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumuna da neden olabilmektedir. Son epidemiyolojik çalışmalar serum GGT aktivitesi artışının (normal referans değerleri içinde) temelinde ateroskleroz olan kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için bir öngörücü olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu derlemede GGT ile oksidatif stres arasındaki ilişkiye ve GGT’nin kardiyovasküler hastalıkların klinik değerlendirilmesinde ve patogenezinde önemi ile ilgili son bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Gama-glutamil transferaz; glutatyon, oksidatif stress, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar

 

Abstract

The primary role of the gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is to break down the extracellular glutathione (GSH) in order to provide precursor amino acids especially cysteine, required for the intracellular GSH synthesis. Thus, the enzyme shows an antioxidant effect. However, it may cause reactive oxygen species generation in the presence of transition metals during the metabolism of GGT-catalysed extracellular GSH. Recent epidemiological researches have shown that elevated serum GGT activity, within its reference level range, is a marker of cardiovascular diseases, which brought on by atherosclerosis. In this review, recent knowledge on the association between GGT and oxidative stress as well as the importance of GGT activity in the pathogenesis and clinical evaluation of Cardiovascular Diseases has been discussed.

Keywords: Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, glutathione, oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gamma-Glutamyltransferase glutathione oxidative stress cardiovascular diseases

Kaynakça

  • Tate SS, Meister A. Subunit structure and isozymic forms of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73: 2599-603.
  • Storozhenko S, Belles-Boix E, Babiychuk E, Hérouart D, Davey MW, Slooten L, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Kushnir S. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in transgenic tobacco plants. Cellular localization, processing, and biochemical properties. Plant Physiol 2002; 128: 1109-19.
  • Okada T, Suzuki H, Wada K, Kumagai H, Fukuyama K. Crystal structures of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli, a key enzyme in glutathione metabolism, and its reaction intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 6471-76.
  • Şener A. Gamma-glutamiltransferaz. Turk J Bioch 1997; 23: 27-33.
  • Grisk O, Küster U, Ansorge S. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in populations of mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1993; 374: 287-90.
  • Tager M, Ittenson A, Franke A, Frey A, Gassen HG, Ansorge S. GammaGlutamyl transpeptidase-cellular expression in populations of normal human mononuclear cells and patients suffering from leukemias. Ann Hematol 1995; 70: 237Şener A, Yardımcı T. Lectin affinity chromatography and electrophoretic properties of human platelet gamma-glutamyl transferase. Platelets 2000; 11: 325Şener A, Yardımcı T. Activity determination, kinetic analyses and isoenzyme identification of gamma glutamyltransferase in human neutrophils. J Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 38: 343-9.
  • Hanigan MH. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, a glutathionase: Its expression and function in carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 111-112: 333-42.
  • Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8840Whitfield JB. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2001; 38: 26335
  • Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, Meister A. Expression of an active glycosylated human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mutant that lacks a membrane anchor domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 126-30.
  • Irvine DS. Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility. Rev Reprod 1996; 1: 612
  • Meister, A. Metabolism and transport of glutathione and other γ-glutamyl compouds. In: A. Larsson. Function of Glutathione: Biochemical, Physiological, Toxicological, and Clinical Aspects. 1st ed. New York: Raven Press; 1983: 1-22. Aksoy Y. The role of glutathione in antioxidant mechanism. T Klin J Med Sci 2002; 22: 442-8.
  • Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 30: 1-12.
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  • Hanigan MH, Ricketts WA. Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 6302
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  • Moldovan L, Moldovan NI. Oxygen free radicals and redox biology of organelles. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122: 395-412. del Bello B, Paolicchi A, Comporti M, Pompella A, Maellaro E. Hydrogen peroxide produced during gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is involved in prevention of apoptosis and maintainance of proliferation in U937 cells. FASEB J 1999; 13: 69-79.
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Gama-Glutamil Transferazın Oksidatif Stres ve Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 291 - 301, 27.06.2013

Azize Şener , Özge Çevik

Öz

Gama-glutamil transferaz’ın (GGT) öncelikli rolü, hücre içi indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH) sentezi için gerekli olan  öncül amino asitleri, özellikle de sisteini sağlamak için hücre dışı GSH’ın yıkımıdır. Böylece enzim, antioksidan etki gösterir. Ancak, GGT tarafından ekstraselüler GSH’ın katabolizması, ortamda geçiş metalleri varlığında reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumuna da neden olabilmektedir. Son epidemiyolojik çalışmalar serum GGT aktivitesi artışının (normal referans değerleri içinde) temelinde ateroskleroz olan kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için bir öngörücü olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu derlemede GGT ile oksidatif stres arasındaki ilişkiye ve GGT’nin kardiyovasküler hastalıkların klinik değerlendirilmesinde ve patogenezinde önemi ile ilgili son bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

 

 

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gama-glutamil transferaz; glutatyon oksidatif stress kardiyovasküler hastalıklar

Kaynakça

  • Tate SS, Meister A. Subunit structure and isozymic forms of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73: 2599-603.
  • Storozhenko S, Belles-Boix E, Babiychuk E, Hérouart D, Davey MW, Slooten L, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Kushnir S. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in transgenic tobacco plants. Cellular localization, processing, and biochemical properties. Plant Physiol 2002; 128: 1109-19.
  • Okada T, Suzuki H, Wada K, Kumagai H, Fukuyama K. Crystal structures of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli, a key enzyme in glutathione metabolism, and its reaction intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 6471-76.
  • Şener A. Gamma-glutamiltransferaz. Turk J Bioch 1997; 23: 27-33.
  • Grisk O, Küster U, Ansorge S. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in populations of mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1993; 374: 287-90.
  • Tager M, Ittenson A, Franke A, Frey A, Gassen HG, Ansorge S. GammaGlutamyl transpeptidase-cellular expression in populations of normal human mononuclear cells and patients suffering from leukemias. Ann Hematol 1995; 70: 237Şener A, Yardımcı T. Lectin affinity chromatography and electrophoretic properties of human platelet gamma-glutamyl transferase. Platelets 2000; 11: 325Şener A, Yardımcı T. Activity determination, kinetic analyses and isoenzyme identification of gamma glutamyltransferase in human neutrophils. J Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 38: 343-9.
  • Hanigan MH. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, a glutathionase: Its expression and function in carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 111-112: 333-42.
  • Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8840Whitfield JB. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2001; 38: 26335
  • Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, Meister A. Expression of an active glycosylated human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mutant that lacks a membrane anchor domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 126-30.
  • Irvine DS. Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility. Rev Reprod 1996; 1: 612
  • Meister, A. Metabolism and transport of glutathione and other γ-glutamyl compouds. In: A. Larsson. Function of Glutathione: Biochemical, Physiological, Toxicological, and Clinical Aspects. 1st ed. New York: Raven Press; 1983: 1-22. Aksoy Y. The role of glutathione in antioxidant mechanism. T Klin J Med Sci 2002; 22: 442-8.
  • Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 30: 1-12.
  • Estrela JM, Ortega A, Obrador E. Glutathione in cancer biology and therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43: 143-81.
  • Orlowski M, Meister A. The gamma-glutamyl cycle: a possible transport system for amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1970; 67: 1248-55.
  • Griffith OW, Bridges RJ, Meister A. Transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids: role of glutathione and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 6319-22.
  • Hanigan MH, Ricketts WA. Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 6302
  • Emdin M, Passino C, Franzini M, Paolicchi A, Pompella A. Gammaglutamyltransferase and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Future Cardiol 2007; 3: 263-70.
  • Abraham NZ, Carty RP, DuFour DR, Pincus MR. Cinical enzymology. In: McPherson MR, Pincus MR. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. New York: Saunders; 2007: 245-62.
  • Parihar A, Parihar MS, Milner S, Bhat S. Oxidative stress and anti-oxidative mobilization in burn injury. Burns 2008; 34: 6-17.
  • Suzuki YJ, Forman HJ, Sevanian A. Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 22: 269-85.
  • Moldovan L, Moldovan NI. Oxygen free radicals and redox biology of organelles. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122: 395-412. del Bello B, Paolicchi A, Comporti M, Pompella A, Maellaro E. Hydrogen peroxide produced during gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is involved in prevention of apoptosis and maintainance of proliferation in U937 cells. FASEB J 1999; 13: 69-79.
  • Paolicchi A, Dominici S, Pieri L, Maellaro E, Pompella A. Glutathione catabolism as a signaling mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64: 1027-35.
  • Lu SC. Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: Current concepts and controversies. FASEB J 1999; 13: 1169-83.
  • Rathbun WB, Killen CE, Holleschau AM, Nagasawa HT. Maintenance of hepatic glutathione homeostasis and prevention of acetaminophen-induced cataract in mice by L-cysteine prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 1111-6.
  • Jones DP, Carlson JL, Mody VC, Cai J, Lynn MJ, Sternberg P. Redox state of glutathione in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28: 625-35.
  • Stark AA. Oxidative metabolism of glutathione by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and peroxisome proliferation: the relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis. A hypothesis. Mutagenesis 1991; 6: 241-5.
  • Aberkane H, Stoltz JF, Galteau MM, Wellman M. Erythrocytes as targets for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase initiated pro-oxidant reaction. Eur J Haematol 2002; 68: 262-71.
  • Pompella A, Corti A, Paolicchi A, Giommarelli C, Zunino F. Gammaglutamyltransferase, redox regulation and cancer drug resistance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7: 360-6.
  • Giustarini D, Campoccia G, Fanetti G, Rossi R, Giannerini F, Lusini L, Di Simplicio P. Minor thiols cysteine and cysteinylglycine regulate the competition between glutathione and protein SH groups in human platelets subjected to oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 380: 1-10.
  • Spear N, Aust SD. Thiol-mediated NTA-Fe(III) reduction and lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 312: 198-202.
  • Dominici S, Paolicchi A, Corti A, Maellaro E, Pompella A. Prooxidant reactions promoted by soluble and cell-bound gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Methods Enzymol 2005; 401: 484-501.
  • Essex DW. The role of thiols and disulfides in platelet function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6: 736-46.
  • Drozdz R, Parmentier C, Hachad H, Leroy P, Siest G, Wellman M. GammaGlutamyltransferase dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from a glutathione/transferrin system. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25: 786-92.
  • Young IS, Woodside JV. Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 176-86.
  • Paolicchi A, Tongiani R, Tonarelli P, Comporti M, Pompella A. Gammaglutamyl transpeptidase-dependent lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes and HepG2 hepatoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22: 853-60.
  • Stark AA, Russell JJ, Langenbach R, Pagano DA, Zeiger E, Huberman E. Localization of oxidative damage by a glutathione-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase system in preneoplastic lesions in sections of livers from carcinogen-treated rats. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 343-8.
  • Pieri L, Dominici S, Del Bello B, Maellaro E, Comporti M, Paolicchi A, Pompella A. Redox modulation of protein kinase/phosphatase balance in melanoma cells: the role of endogenous and gamma-glutamyltransferasedependent H2O2 production. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1621: 76-83.
  • Taniguchi N, Iizuka S, Zhe ZN, House S, Yokosawa N, Ono M, Kinoshita K, Makita A, Sekiya C. Measurement of human serum immunoreactive gammaglutamyl transpeptidase in patients with malignant tumors using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 5835-9.
  • Rajpert-De Meyts E, Shi M, Chang M, Robison TW, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N, Forman HJ. Transfection with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enhances recovery from glutathione depletion using extracellular glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 114: 56-62.
  • Dominici S, Valentini M, Maellaro E, Del Bello B, Paolicchi A, Lorenzini E, Tongiani R, Comporti M, Pompella A. Redox modulation of cell surface protein thiols in U937 lymphoma cells: the role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidasedependent H2O2 production and S-thiolation. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27: 623Sener A, Özsavcı D, Yanıkkaya-Demirel G, Aksoy H, Oba R, Uras F, Yardımcı T. The role of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity on early platelet apoptotic process. Turk J Hematol 2005; 22: 272.
  • Prakash M. Role of non-transferrin-bound iron in chronic renal failure and other disease conditions. Ind J Nephrol 2007; 17: 188-93.
  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 280: 1-8. van Campenhout A, van Campenhout CM, Lagrou AR, Manuel-y-Keenoy B. Transferrin modifications and lipid peroxidation: implications in diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Res 2003; 37: 1069-77.
  • Lamb DJ, Leake DS. Iron released from transferrin at acidic pH can catalyse the oxidation of low density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett 1994; 352: 15-8.
  • Abdalla DS, Campa A, Monteiro HP. Low density lipoprotein oxidation by stimulated neutrophils and ferritin. Atherosclerosis 1992; 97: 149-59.
  • Glass GA, Stark AA. Promotion of glutathione-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidasedependent lipid peroxidation by copper and ceruloplasmin: the requirement for iron and the effects of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Environ Mol Mutagen 1997; 29: 73-80.
  • Van Campenhout A, Heytens E, Van Campenhout C, Lagrou AR, Manuel-yKeenoy B. Cell-mediated LDL oxidation: The impact of transition metals and transferrin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338: 1617-27.
  • Stark AA, Zeiger E, Pagano DA. Glutathione metabolism by gammaglutamyltranspeptidase leads to lipid peroxidation: characterization of the system and relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 183-9.
  • Djavaheri-Mergny M, Accaoui MJ, Rouillard D, Wietzerbin J. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity mediates NF-kappaB activation through lipid peroxidation in human leukemia U937 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 232: 103-11.
  • Giommarelli C, Corti A, Supino R, Favini E, Paolicchi A, Pompella A, Zunino F. Cellular response to oxidative stress and ascorbic acid in melanoma cells overexpressing gamma-glutamyltransferase. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 750-9.
  • Conigrave KM, Saunders JB, Reznik RB, Whitfield JB. Prediction of alcoholrelated harm by laboratory test results. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 2266-70.
  • Wannamethee G, Ebrahim S, Shaper AG. Gamma-glutamyltransferase: determinants and association with mortality from ischemic heart disease and all causes. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142: 699-708.
  • Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V, Schuberth S, Fraisse E, Fliedner TM. Distribution, determinants, and prognostic value of gamma-glutamyltransferase for all-cause mortality in a cohort of construction workers from southern Germany. Prev Med 1997; 26: 305-10.
  • Karlson BW, Wiklund O, Hallgren P, Sjölin M, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Ten-year mortality amongst patients with a very small or unconfirmed acute myocardial infarction in relation to clinical history, metabolic screening and signs of myocardial ischaemia. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 449-56.
  • Emdin M, Passino C, Michelassi C, Titta F, L'abbate A, Donato L, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. Prognostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1802-07.
  • Higashiyama A, Wakabayashi I, Ono Y, Watanabe M, Kokubo Y, Okayama A, Miyamoto Y, Okamura T. Association with serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels and alcohol consumption on stroke and coronary artery disease: the Suita study. Stroke 2011; 42: 1764-7.
  • Manolescu BN, Berteanu M, Oprea E, Chiriac N, Dumitru L, Vladoiu S, Popa O, Ianas O. Dynamic of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers during the convalescent period of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48: 338-43.
  • Şentürk BA, Kap S, Kahya N, Ergene O, Üstüner F. Koroner arter hastalığı ciddiyeti ile serum GGT düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg 2009; 7: 93-9.
  • Onat A, Sarı İ, Hergenç G, Türkmen S, Uzunlar B, Uyarel H, Yazıcı M, Keleş İ, Can G, Sansoy V. Türk erişkinlerinde Kalp-damar risk faktörü olarak gama glutamiltransferaz: Metabolik sendrom ve öğelerinin güçlü bir belirteci, koroner hastalık riski için bir gösterge. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 1-9.
  • Eroglu S, Sade LE, Polat E, Bozbas H, Ulus T, Muderrisoglu H. Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and carotid intima-media thickness. Angiology 2011; 62: 107-10.
  • Valjevac A, Dzubur A, Nakas-Icindic E, Hadzovic-Dzuvo A, Lepara O, Kiseljakovic E, Jadric R. Is γ-glutamyl transferase activity a potential marker of left ventricular function during early postmyocardial infarction period? Future Cardiol 2011; 7: 705-13.
  • Nilssen O, Forde OH, Brenn T. The Tromsİ Study. Distribution and population determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 318-26.
  • Van Barneveld T, Seidell JC, Traag N, Hautvast JG. Fat distribution and gammaglutamyl transferase in relation to serum lipids and blood pressure in 38-year old Dutch males. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 809-18.
  • Huseby NE. Multiple forms of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. Association of the enzyme with lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 124: 103-12.
  • Franzini M, Bramanti E, Ottaviano V, Ghiri E, Scatena F, Barsacchi R, Pompella A, Donato L, Emdin M, Paolicchi A. A high performance gel filtration chromatography method for gamma-glutamyltransferase fraction analysis. Anal Biochem 2008; 374: 1-6.
  • Paolicchi A, Minotti G, Tonarelli P, Tongiani R, De Cesare D, Mezzetti A, Dominici S, Comporti M, Pompella A. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidasedependent iron reduction and LDL oxidation--a potential mechanism in atherosclerosis. J Invest Med 1999; 47: 151-60.
  • Paolicchi A, Emdin M, Ghliozeni E, Ciancia E, Passino C, Popoff G, Pompella A. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Human atherosclerotic plaques contain gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme activity. Circulation 2004; 109: 1440.
  • Paolicchi A, Emdin M, Passino C, Lorenzini E, Titta F, Marchi S, Malvaldi G, Pompella A. Beta-lipoproteinand LDL-associated serum gammaglutamyltransferase in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186: 80-5.
  • Franzini M, Paolicchi A, Fornaciari I, Ottaviano V, Fierabracci V, Maltinti M, Ripoli A, Zyw L, Scatena F, Passino C, Pompella A, Emdin M. Cardiovascular risk factors and gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions in healthy individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 713-7.
  • Cappelli S, Epistolato MC, Vianello A, Mazzone A, Glauber M, Franzini M, Ottaviano V, Pompella A, Paolicchi A, Tanganelli P. Aortic valve disease and gamma-glutamyltransferase: accumulation in tissue and relationships with calcific degeneration. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213: 385-91.
  • Emdin M, Passino C, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase as a cardiovascular risk factor. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2145-6.
  • Pang JH, Jiang MJ, Chen YL, Wang FW, Wang DL, Chu SH, Chau LY. Increased ferritin gene expression in atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2204-12.
  • Franzini M, Corti A, Martinelli B, Del Corso A, Emdin M, Parenti GF, Glauber M, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in human atherosclerotic plaques--biochemical similarities with the circulating enzyme. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202: 119-27.
  • Emdin M, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: triggering oxidative stress within the plaque. Circulation 2005; 112: 2078-80.
  • Corti A, Paolicchi A, Franzini M, Dominici S, Casini AF, Pompella A. The Sthiolating activity of membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase: formation of cysteinyl-glycine mixed disulfides with cellular proteins and in the cell microenvironment. Antiox Redox Signal 2005; 7: 911-8.
  • Dominici S, Paolicchi A, Lorenzini E, Maellaro E, Comporti M, Pieri L, Minotti G, Pompella A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-dependent prooxidant reactions: a factor in multiple processes. BioFactors 2003; 17: 187-98.
  • Khalaf MR, Hayhoe FG. Cytochemistry of gamma-glutamyltransferase in haemic cells and malignancies. Histochem J 1987; 19: 385-95.
  • Ulus T, Yildirir A, Demirtas S, Demir O, Sade LE, Bozbas H, Gürsoy Y, Bilgi M, Küçük MA, Müderrisoğlu H. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity: a new marker for stent restenosis? Atherosclerosis 2007; 195: 348-53.
  • Pompella A, Paolicchi A, Emdin M, Mikhailidis DP. Platelet activation, gammaglutamyltransferase and stent restenosis: comment on the article by Ulus et al. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195: 231-2.
  • Şener A, Çevik Ö. Can platelet activation influence plasma gammaglutamyltransferase activity? Turk J Bioch 2009; 34: 79.
  • Şener A, Çevik Ö, Özsavcı D, Yanıkkaya-Demirel G. Trombosit GGT’sinin demir (III) varlığında pro-oksidan etkisi. Marmara Ecza Derg 2011; 15: 30-7.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Azize Şener

Özge Çevik

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Şener A, Çevik Ö. Gama-glutamil transferazın oksidatif stres ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklarla ilişkisi. CMJ. Haziran 2013;35(2):291-301.