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Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES)
Abstract
Aim: Hospital emergency departments are among the most frequently accessed healthcare facilities in society. Emergency departments can be stressful and anxiety-inducing environments, often necessitating immediate care for patients. This inherent stress can elevate anxiety levels among patients, potentially leading to adverse conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a measurement tool to measure public perceptions and attitudes towards hospital emergencies.
Methods: The item pool was developed by consulting relevant literature and expert opinions. A questionnaire comprising 45 items was devised and administered to 456 individuals who had visited a hospital emergency services.
Results: After the item correlation analysis, a single-factor structure was obtained with a KMO value of 0.92, a significant Bartlett's test value (χ 2(55) =2153.957, p<0.01) and explaining 48.05% of the variance. The scale was validated with a separate sample and the indices showed a good fit (CMIN/DF=3,219; GFI=,931; CFI=,948; TLI=,930; RMSA=,084). In addition, the scale was found to have internal validity with the extreme groups analysis (t (156) =-33.6, p<0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for reliability was found to be .90 and criterion validity was achieved in the comparison with the Health Literacy scale (r=-0.298, p<.005).
Conclusion: As a result of validity and reliability analyses, it was found that the scale can be applied to measure the perceptions and attitudes of the society towards hospital emergencies. The data collected through this scale will enable emergency department managers to optimize service quality according to public expectations and to conduct resource planning more effectively.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
September 30, 2026
Submission Date
April 10, 2026
Acceptance Date
July 27, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 48 Number: 3
APA
Yurtbay, S., & Gönültaş, B. M. (2026). Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES). Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 48(3), 94-101. https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.1927342
AMA
1.Yurtbay S, Gönültaş BM. Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES). CMJ. 2026;48(3):94-101. doi:10.7197/cmj.1927342
Chicago
Yurtbay, Sefa, and Burak Miraç Gönültaş. 2026. “Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES)”. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal 48 (3): 94-101. https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.1927342.
EndNote
Yurtbay S, Gönültaş BM (September 1, 2026) Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES). Cumhuriyet Medical Journal 48 3 94–101.
IEEE
[1]S. Yurtbay and B. M. Gönültaş, “Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES)”, CMJ, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 94–101, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.7197/cmj.1927342.
ISNAD
Yurtbay, Sefa - Gönültaş, Burak Miraç. “Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES)”. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal 48/3 (September 1, 2026): 94-101. https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.1927342.
JAMA
1.Yurtbay S, Gönültaş BM. Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES). CMJ. 2026;48:94–101.
MLA
Yurtbay, Sefa, and Burak Miraç Gönültaş. “Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES)”. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, vol. 48, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 94-101, doi:10.7197/cmj.1927342.
Vancouver
1.Sefa Yurtbay, Burak Miraç Gönültaş. Validity and Reliability of The Scale of Perception and Attitude Toward Hospital Emergency Services (PAHES). CMJ. 2026 Sep. 1;48(3):94-101. doi:10.7197/cmj.1927342