A study on the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata ethanol extract
Abstract
Objective: Thymbra
species are widely used in Turkish folk medicine as salad or herbal tea for
antioxidant, antiseptic, antitussive, carminative, anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial activities. The present study was aimed to determine antioxidant,
antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of ethanol crude extract prepared from
Thymbra spicata L.var. spicata.
Method: The
antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata
was investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and
2,2-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging
activity, total flavonoid and total phenolic content analysis. Antimicrobial
activity of the plant extract were determined using the microdilution method,
while proliferative activity were evaluated by MTT assay on MCF-7 breast cancer
and PC3 prostate cancer cell line.
Results: Total
phenol and total flavonoid content were 216.75 ± 0.017 (equivalent of Gallic
acid mg/g dry extract) and 78.17 ± 0.063 (equivalent of Quercetin mg/g), IC50
value for DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity was 16.91 µg/mL and 5.2 ± 0.009
µg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial activity observed for the extract ranging
between 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL as MIC value against tested microorganism. MTT assay
was employed for evaluation of cytotoxic activity, ethanol extract demonstrated
growth inhibitory effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 value 340
µg/mL.
Conclusions: According
to the obtained results, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of
Thymbra spicata L.var. spicata is scientifically support the widespread use of
this plant among the people.
References
- 1. Zingue S, Job Tchoumtchoua DMN. Estrogenic and cytotoxic potentials of compounds isolated from Millettia macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae): towards a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16: 1.
- 2. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak NC. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4: 118-26.
- 3. Abdulla Al-Mamun M, Husna J, Khatun M, Hasan R, Kamruzzaman M. Assessment of antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of two vegetable species of Amaranthus in Bangladesh. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16: 157.
- 4. Halliwell BGJ. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death. In: Halliwell B GJ, ed. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007: 187-267.
- 5. Moniba Sajid, Muhammad Rashid Khan, Naseer Ali Shah, Sayed Afzal Shah, Hammad Ismai TY and ZZ. Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Alnus nitida bark in carbon tetrachloride challenged Sprague Dawley rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16: 268.
- 6. Aswathanarayan JB VR. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Rotula aquatica and Ancistrocladus heyneanus antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. J Pharm Res 2013; 6: 313-7.
- 7. H DP. Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1982.
- 8. Tanker, M., Ilisulu F. Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata: one of the plants used in Turkey as thyme. Turk J Bot 1984; 8: 104-8.
- 9. Kızıl S. Determination of essential oil variations of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata naturally growing in the wild flora of East Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey. Ind Crops Prod 2010; 32: 593-600.
- 10. Dogan S, Turan P, Dogan M, Arslan O AM. Partial characterization of peroxidase from the leaves of Thymbra plant (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata). Eur Food Res Technol 2007; 225: 865-71.
- 11. Blois M. Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958; 181: 1199-200.
- 12. Roberta Re, Nicoletta Pellegrini, Anna Proteggente, Ananth Pannala, Min Yang CR-E. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26(9-10): 1231-7.
- 13. Hana M. Hammad, Camelia Albu, Suzan A. Matar, Simona-Carmen Litescu, Hala I. Al Jaber, Amal S. Abualraghib FUA. Biological activities of the hydro-alchoholic and aqueous extracts of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae) grown in Jordan. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 7: 1686-94.
- 14. Misbah H, Aziz AA AN. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Ficus deltoidea fruit extract and fractions. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 118.
- 15. Eloff JN. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med 1998; 64: 711-3. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957563.
- 16. Vittorazzi C, Endringer DC, Andrade TU De, Scherer R, Fronza M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties of Struthanthus vulgaris. Pharm Biol 2015; 10:1-7. doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1040515.
- 17. Yilmaz O, Akkaya H. Radical Scavenging Activity of Thymbra spicata and Quercus ithaburensis in a Fenton Reagent Environment and Their Protective Effects on Unsaturated Fatty Acids. 2012; 40: 34-40. doi:10.5053/ekoloji.2012.854.
- 18. Ceylan R, Zengin G, Uysal S, et al. GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil from aerial parts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. et Velen. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31: 983-90. doi:10.3109/14756366.2015.1077822.
- 19. Iauk L, Acquaviva R, Mastrojeni S, et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. et Link leaves’ fractions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30: 360-5. doi:10.3109/14756366.2014.930453.
- 20. Haroun MF, Al-kayali RS. Synergistic effect of Thymbra spicata L . extracts with antibiotics against multidrug- resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19: 1193-200.
- 21. Sabz Ali S, Rostam Zad A, Panahi J, Havasian M, Kaghani K, Bakhtiary S. Investigation on the inhibitory effects of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata on the growth of Lung Cancer Cell Line SK-Mes-1. J Ilam Univ Med Sci 2014; 22: 153-8.
- 22. Hanci, S., Sahin, S., Yilmaz L. Isolation of volatile oil from thyme (Thymbra spicata) by steam distillation. Nahrung 2003; 47: 252-255.
- 23. Fitsiou E, Anestopoulos I, Chlichlia K, Galanis A, Biology M. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of the Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra and Satureja parnassica and their Major Constituents. 2016; 5764: 5757-63. doi:10.21873/anticanres.11159.
- 24. Yin QH, Yan FX, Zu XY, Wu YH, Wu XP, Liao MC, Deng SW, Yin LL, Zhuang YZ.QH Y, FX Y, XY Z. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of carvacrol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2. Cytotechnology 2012; 64: 43-51.
- 25. Arunasree K. Anti-proliferative effects of carvacrol on a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB 231. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(8-9): 581-8.
- 26. Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad MD, Rizvi M. Cytotoxic effect of Carvacrol on human cervical cancer cells. Biol Med 2011; 3: 307-12.
- 27. Sivas H TÖ. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol on Hep-G2 cells. Univ J Sci Technol C Life Sci Biotechnol. 2011; 7: 171-80.
Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata etanol ekstresinin antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve sitotoksik etkisinin araştırılması
Abstract
Amaç: Tymbra türleri halk arasında
antioxidant, antiseptic, antitussive, karminatif, antienflamatuvar ve
antimikrobiyal özelliklerinden dolayı salata ve bitkisel çay olarak yaygın
kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı, Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata.’dan
hazırlanan ham etanol özütünün antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve sitotoksik
etkisini araştırmaktır.
Yöntem: T.spicata L.var. spicata etanol ekstresinin antioksidan
aktivitesi DPPH ve ABTS serbest radikal süpürücü etki, total fenol ve total
flavonoid miktar tayini yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Antimikrobiyal
aktivitesi ise mikrodilüsyon metodu ile, sitotoksisite aktivitesi prostat
kanseri PC3 hücre hattı kullanılarak MTT metoduyla değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Total fenol ve total flavonoit miktarı kuru ekstre bazında
216.75 ± 0.017 (gallik asite eşdeğer mg/g) ve 78.17 ± 0.063 (kersetine eşdeğer
mg/g) olarak bulundu. DPPH ve ABTS radikal süpürücü etki IC50 değeri sırasıyla
16.91 µg/mL and 5.2 ± 0.009 µg/mL olarak bulundu. Etanol ekstresinin test
edilen mikroorganizmalar karşı minimum inhibe edici konsantrasonu 1.25-2.5
mg/mL aralığında tespit edildi. Sitotoksik aktivitenin değerlendirilmesi için MTT
testi kullanıldı, etanol ekstraktı MCF-7 meme kanseri hücrelerine karşı IC50
değeri 340 μg / mL olan büyümeyi önleyici bir etki gösterdi.
Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Thymbra spicata L.var. spicata bitkisinin
antioxidant, antimikrobiyal ve sitotoksik aktivitesi bu bitkinin halk
arasındakı yaygın kullanımını bilimsel yönden desteklemektedir.
References
- 1. Zingue S, Job Tchoumtchoua DMN. Estrogenic and cytotoxic potentials of compounds isolated from Millettia macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae): towards a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16: 1.
- 2. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak NC. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4: 118-26.
- 3. Abdulla Al-Mamun M, Husna J, Khatun M, Hasan R, Kamruzzaman M. Assessment of antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of two vegetable species of Amaranthus in Bangladesh. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16: 157.
- 4. Halliwell BGJ. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death. In: Halliwell B GJ, ed. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007: 187-267.
- 5. Moniba Sajid, Muhammad Rashid Khan, Naseer Ali Shah, Sayed Afzal Shah, Hammad Ismai TY and ZZ. Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Alnus nitida bark in carbon tetrachloride challenged Sprague Dawley rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16: 268.
- 6. Aswathanarayan JB VR. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Rotula aquatica and Ancistrocladus heyneanus antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. J Pharm Res 2013; 6: 313-7.
- 7. H DP. Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1982.
- 8. Tanker, M., Ilisulu F. Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata: one of the plants used in Turkey as thyme. Turk J Bot 1984; 8: 104-8.
- 9. Kızıl S. Determination of essential oil variations of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata naturally growing in the wild flora of East Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey. Ind Crops Prod 2010; 32: 593-600.
- 10. Dogan S, Turan P, Dogan M, Arslan O AM. Partial characterization of peroxidase from the leaves of Thymbra plant (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata). Eur Food Res Technol 2007; 225: 865-71.
- 11. Blois M. Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958; 181: 1199-200.
- 12. Roberta Re, Nicoletta Pellegrini, Anna Proteggente, Ananth Pannala, Min Yang CR-E. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26(9-10): 1231-7.
- 13. Hana M. Hammad, Camelia Albu, Suzan A. Matar, Simona-Carmen Litescu, Hala I. Al Jaber, Amal S. Abualraghib FUA. Biological activities of the hydro-alchoholic and aqueous extracts of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae) grown in Jordan. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 7: 1686-94.
- 14. Misbah H, Aziz AA AN. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Ficus deltoidea fruit extract and fractions. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 118.
- 15. Eloff JN. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med 1998; 64: 711-3. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957563.
- 16. Vittorazzi C, Endringer DC, Andrade TU De, Scherer R, Fronza M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties of Struthanthus vulgaris. Pharm Biol 2015; 10:1-7. doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1040515.
- 17. Yilmaz O, Akkaya H. Radical Scavenging Activity of Thymbra spicata and Quercus ithaburensis in a Fenton Reagent Environment and Their Protective Effects on Unsaturated Fatty Acids. 2012; 40: 34-40. doi:10.5053/ekoloji.2012.854.
- 18. Ceylan R, Zengin G, Uysal S, et al. GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil from aerial parts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. et Velen. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31: 983-90. doi:10.3109/14756366.2015.1077822.
- 19. Iauk L, Acquaviva R, Mastrojeni S, et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. et Link leaves’ fractions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30: 360-5. doi:10.3109/14756366.2014.930453.
- 20. Haroun MF, Al-kayali RS. Synergistic effect of Thymbra spicata L . extracts with antibiotics against multidrug- resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19: 1193-200.
- 21. Sabz Ali S, Rostam Zad A, Panahi J, Havasian M, Kaghani K, Bakhtiary S. Investigation on the inhibitory effects of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata on the growth of Lung Cancer Cell Line SK-Mes-1. J Ilam Univ Med Sci 2014; 22: 153-8.
- 22. Hanci, S., Sahin, S., Yilmaz L. Isolation of volatile oil from thyme (Thymbra spicata) by steam distillation. Nahrung 2003; 47: 252-255.
- 23. Fitsiou E, Anestopoulos I, Chlichlia K, Galanis A, Biology M. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of the Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra and Satureja parnassica and their Major Constituents. 2016; 5764: 5757-63. doi:10.21873/anticanres.11159.
- 24. Yin QH, Yan FX, Zu XY, Wu YH, Wu XP, Liao MC, Deng SW, Yin LL, Zhuang YZ.QH Y, FX Y, XY Z. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of carvacrol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2. Cytotechnology 2012; 64: 43-51.
- 25. Arunasree K. Anti-proliferative effects of carvacrol on a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB 231. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(8-9): 581-8.
- 26. Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad MD, Rizvi M. Cytotoxic effect of Carvacrol on human cervical cancer cells. Biol Med 2011; 3: 307-12.
- 27. Sivas H TÖ. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol on Hep-G2 cells. Univ J Sci Technol C Life Sci Biotechnol. 2011; 7: 171-80.
Details
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Basic Science Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 19, 2017 |
| Acceptance Date | August 23, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 |