THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTPARTUM ANXIETY AND MATERNAL FUNCTION IN MOTHERS

Emine Kılıç Doğan; Büşra Cesur

doi:10.7197/cmj.1380572

Research Article

Year 2023, Volume: 45 Issue: 4, 36 - 47, 31.12.2023

Emine Kılıç Doğan , Büşra Cesur

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.1380572

Abstract

References

1. Taşkın L. Obstetrics and women's health nursing. 17th ed. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2020.
2. Pınar G, Doğan N, Algıer L, Kaya N, Çakmak F. Factors that affecting mothers’ postnatal comfort. Dicle Medical Journal. 2009;36(3):184-90.
3. Çankaya S, Dereli Yılmaz S, Can R, Değerli Kodaz N. Effect of postpartum depression on maternal attachment. Acıbadem University Health Sciences Journal (AUHSJ). 2017;(4):232-40.
4. Karabulutlu Ö, Yavuz C. Evaluation of satisfaction levels of mothers’ midwifery/nursing care given in the postpartum period. Caucasian Journal of Science. 2019;6(2):182-99.
5. Serhan N. The frequency of postpartum depression at mothers and fathers and the determination of related factors. Master’s Thesis. Konya: Selçuk University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing; 2010.
6. Zivoder I, Martic-Biocina S, Veronek J, Ursulin-Trstenjak N, Sajko M, Paukovic M. Mental disorders/difficulties in the postpartum period. Psychiatria Danubina. 2019;31(suppl 3):338-44.
7. Duran S. Postpartum specific anxiety scale (PSAS): Reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020;56(1):95-101.
8. Field T. Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development:A narrative review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2018;51:24-32.
9. Gao S, Su S, Zhang E, Liu R, Zhang Y, Wang C, et al. Psychological health status in postpartum women during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022;319:99-111.
10. Radoš SN, Tadinac M, Herman R. Anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum: Course, predictors and comorbidity with postpartum depression. Acta Clinica Croatica. 2018;57(1):39.
11. Araji S, Griffin A, Dixon L, Spencer S-K, Peavie C, Wallace K. An overview of maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the post-partum period. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology. 2020;4(4):47-56.
12. Matthies LM, Müller M, Doster A, Sohn C, Wallwiener M, Reck C, et al. Maternal–fetal attachment protects against postpartum anxiety: The mediating role of postpartum bonding and partnership satisfaction. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2020;301:107-17.
13. Dennis CL, Falah‐Hassani K, Brown H, Vigod S. Identifying women at risk for postpartum anxiety: A prospective population‐based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2016;134(6):485-93.
14. Misri S, Swift E. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: Maternal quality of life and treatment outcomes. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2015;37(9):798-803.
15. Aydın R, Kukulu K. Adaptation of The Barkin scale of maternal functioning and examination of the psychometric properties. Health Care for Women International. 2018;39(1):50-64.
16. Barkin JL, Wisner KL, Bromberger JT, Beach SR, Terry MA, Wisniewski SR. Development of The Barkin index of maternal functioning. Journal of Women's Health. 2010;19(12):2239-46.
17. Asadi M, Noroozi M, Alavi M. Factors Affecting women's adjustment to postpartum changes: A narrative review. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2020;25(6):463.
18. Beydağ KD. Adaptation to motherhood in the postpartum period and the nurse's role. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni. 2007;6(6):479-84.
19. Tabachnic B-G, Fidell L-S. Using multivariate statistics 6ed. Pearson; 2013.
20. Yıldırım A, Hacıhasanoğlu R, Karakurt P. The relationship between postpartum depression and social support and affecting factors. International Journal of Human Sciences. 2011;8(1):31-46.
21. Fallon V, Halford JCG, Bennett KM, Harrold JA. The postpartum specific anxiety scale: Development and preliminary validation. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016;19:1079-90.
22. Duran S, Kaynak S. Investigation of the relationship between postpartum-specific anxiety and maternal attachment and affecting factors in a Turkish sample. Euras J Fam Med. 2021;10(4):219-26.
23. Karademir T. Investigation of mothers' anxiety level in postpartum period and self-confidence in neonatal care and affecting factors. Master’s Thesis. İstanbul; University of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery; 2021.
24. Di Paolo A-L, King S, McLean MA, Lequertier B, Elgbeili G, Kildea S, et al. Prenatal stress from the covid-19 pandemic predicts maternal postpartum anxiety as moderated by psychological factors: The Australian BITTOC study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022;314:68-77.
25. Palanci Ö. The effect of maternal functioning and postpartum depression status on breastfeeding self-efficacy. Master’s Thesis. Trabzon; Karedeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstacle And General Diseases Nursing; 2019.
26. Karataş P, Apay SE. Comparison of postpartum functional status of the postpartum women according to delivery mode. Sakarya Medical Journal. 2021;11(4):781-93.
27. Agbaje OS, Anyanwu JI, Umoke PI, Iwuagwu TE, Iweama CN, Ozoemena EL, et al. Depressive and anxiety symptoms and associated factors among postnatal women in Enugu-North Senatorial District, South-East Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Public Health. 2019;77:1-16.
28. Bener A, Gerber LM, Sheikh J. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors in women during their postpartum period: A major public health problem and global comparison. International Journal of Women's Health. 2012:191-200.
29. Liu Y, Guo N, Li T, Zhuang W, Jiang H. Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms among women in Shanghai, China. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;274:848-56.
30. Rus Prelog P, Vidmar Šimic M, Premru Sršen T, Rus Makovec M. Contextual-relationship and stress-related factors of postpartum depression symptoms in nulliparas: A prospective study from Ljubljana, Slovenia. Reproductive Health. 2019;16:1-9.
31. Sezer MN. Frequency of anxiety and depression and related factors in postpartic women in Sakarya. Master’s Thesis. Sakarya; Sakarya University, Medical School, Department of Family Medicine; 2021.
32. Shrestha S, Adachi K, Petrini M, Shrestha S. Factors Associated with post‐natal anxiety among primiparous mothers in Nepal. International Nursing Review. 2014;61(3):427-34.
33. Sufredini F, Catling C, Zugai J, Chang S. The effects of social support on depression and anxiety in the perinatal period: A mixed-methods systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022.
34. van der Zee-van AI, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CG, Reijneveld SA. Postpartum depression and anxiety: a community-based study on risk factors before, during and after pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;286:158-65.
35. Aydınkal B. The effects of primiparous maternal functions on breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal attachment. Master’s Thesis. Sivas; Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery; 2020.
36. Barkin JL, Bloch JR, Hawkins KC, Thomas TS. Barriers to optimal social support in the postpartum period. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2014;43(4):445-54.
37. Oruç M. Investigation of maternal attachment relationship with maternal function of women in postpartum period. Master’s Thesis. Antalya: Akdeniz University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing; 2018.
38. Şanlı Y, Öncel S. Evaluation of the functional status of woman after childbirth and effective factors. Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014;11(2).
39. McVeigh CA. Anxiety and functional status after childbirth. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal. 2000;13(1):14-8.
40. Aktan NM. Functional status after childbirth and related concepts. Clinical Nursing Research. 2010;19(2):165-80.
41. Kaewdoo K, Baosoung C, Sansiriphun N. Anxiety, social support, and postpartum functional status among mothers with cesarean section. Nursing Journal. 2019;46(2):1-12.
42. Chandra N, Smitha MV. Functional status, social support, and anxiety among postnatal women of Eastern India. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X. 2023;20:100238.
43. Gholizadeh Shamasbi S, Barkin JL, Ghanbari-Homayi S, Eyvazzadeh O, Mirghafourvand M. The relationship between maternal functioning and mental health after childbirth in Iranian women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1558.
44. Lambermon F, Vandenbussche F, Dedding C, van Duijnhoven N. Maternal self-care in the early postpartum period: An integrative review. Midwifery. 2020;90:102799.
45. Hijazi HH, Alyahya MS, Al Abdi RM, Alolayyan MN, Sindiani AM, Raffee LA, et al. The impact of perceived social support during pregnancy on postpartum infant-focused anxieties: A prospective cohort study of mothers in Northern Jordan. International Journal of Women's Health. 2021:973-89.
46. Dol J, Richardson B, Grant A, Aston M, McMillan D, Tomblin Murphy G, et al. Influence of parity and infant age on maternal self‐efficacy, social support, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression in the first six months in the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Birth. 2021;48(3):438-47.
47. Istiqomah AL, Viandika N, Nisa SMK. Description of the level of anxiety in post partum. Indonesian Midwifery and Health Sciences Journal. 2021;5(4):333-9.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTPARTUM ANXIETY AND MATERNAL FUNCTION IN MOTHERS

Year 2023, Volume: 45 Issue: 4, 36 - 47, 31.12.2023

Emine Kılıç Doğan , Büşra Cesur

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.1380572

Abstract

This descriptive, cross-sectional, and relationship-seeking study aimed to determine the relationship between postpartum anxiety and maternal function in mothers with 6-10 weeks old babies.
The study was carried out with 258 mothers who were 6-10 weeks postpartum. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS), and Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning (BIMF).
It was determined that the majority of the mothers participating in the study were between the ages of 27-34, high school graduates, not working, having health insurance, having a moderate income, living with a nuclear family, and married for 2-6 years. The majority of mothers had babies who were 8-9 weeks old, had a vaginal delivery, experienced 2-3 pregnancies, had assistance with postpartum care, and received education/information about postpartum care. The mean PSAS score for the mothers was determined to be at a moderate level (83.71±21.71), while the mean BIMF score was above a moderate level (71.49±13.89). It was found that there was a moderate, negative significant relationship between the PSAS total score and the BIMF total score, and it was determined that the level of maternal functioning decreased as postpartum anxiety increased (p<0,05).
In the postpartum period, it has been determined that maternal psychology should not be ignored as well as perinatal health services, and that the mother's anxiety negatively affects maternal functioning. Therefore, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to comprehensively assess the mother's physical, psychological, and social well-being during the postpartum period and identify potential issues early on.

Keywords

Anxiety, Functional Status, Maternity function, Postpartum Period

References

1. Taşkın L. Obstetrics and women's health nursing. 17th ed. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2020.
2. Pınar G, Doğan N, Algıer L, Kaya N, Çakmak F. Factors that affecting mothers’ postnatal comfort. Dicle Medical Journal. 2009;36(3):184-90.
3. Çankaya S, Dereli Yılmaz S, Can R, Değerli Kodaz N. Effect of postpartum depression on maternal attachment. Acıbadem University Health Sciences Journal (AUHSJ). 2017;(4):232-40.
4. Karabulutlu Ö, Yavuz C. Evaluation of satisfaction levels of mothers’ midwifery/nursing care given in the postpartum period. Caucasian Journal of Science. 2019;6(2):182-99.
5. Serhan N. The frequency of postpartum depression at mothers and fathers and the determination of related factors. Master’s Thesis. Konya: Selçuk University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing; 2010.
6. Zivoder I, Martic-Biocina S, Veronek J, Ursulin-Trstenjak N, Sajko M, Paukovic M. Mental disorders/difficulties in the postpartum period. Psychiatria Danubina. 2019;31(suppl 3):338-44.
7. Duran S. Postpartum specific anxiety scale (PSAS): Reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020;56(1):95-101.
8. Field T. Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development:A narrative review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2018;51:24-32.
9. Gao S, Su S, Zhang E, Liu R, Zhang Y, Wang C, et al. Psychological health status in postpartum women during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022;319:99-111.
10. Radoš SN, Tadinac M, Herman R. Anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum: Course, predictors and comorbidity with postpartum depression. Acta Clinica Croatica. 2018;57(1):39.
11. Araji S, Griffin A, Dixon L, Spencer S-K, Peavie C, Wallace K. An overview of maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the post-partum period. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology. 2020;4(4):47-56.
12. Matthies LM, Müller M, Doster A, Sohn C, Wallwiener M, Reck C, et al. Maternal–fetal attachment protects against postpartum anxiety: The mediating role of postpartum bonding and partnership satisfaction. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2020;301:107-17.
13. Dennis CL, Falah‐Hassani K, Brown H, Vigod S. Identifying women at risk for postpartum anxiety: A prospective population‐based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2016;134(6):485-93.
14. Misri S, Swift E. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: Maternal quality of life and treatment outcomes. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2015;37(9):798-803.
15. Aydın R, Kukulu K. Adaptation of The Barkin scale of maternal functioning and examination of the psychometric properties. Health Care for Women International. 2018;39(1):50-64.
16. Barkin JL, Wisner KL, Bromberger JT, Beach SR, Terry MA, Wisniewski SR. Development of The Barkin index of maternal functioning. Journal of Women's Health. 2010;19(12):2239-46.
17. Asadi M, Noroozi M, Alavi M. Factors Affecting women's adjustment to postpartum changes: A narrative review. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2020;25(6):463.
18. Beydağ KD. Adaptation to motherhood in the postpartum period and the nurse's role. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni. 2007;6(6):479-84.
19. Tabachnic B-G, Fidell L-S. Using multivariate statistics 6ed. Pearson; 2013.
20. Yıldırım A, Hacıhasanoğlu R, Karakurt P. The relationship between postpartum depression and social support and affecting factors. International Journal of Human Sciences. 2011;8(1):31-46.
21. Fallon V, Halford JCG, Bennett KM, Harrold JA. The postpartum specific anxiety scale: Development and preliminary validation. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016;19:1079-90.
22. Duran S, Kaynak S. Investigation of the relationship between postpartum-specific anxiety and maternal attachment and affecting factors in a Turkish sample. Euras J Fam Med. 2021;10(4):219-26.
23. Karademir T. Investigation of mothers' anxiety level in postpartum period and self-confidence in neonatal care and affecting factors. Master’s Thesis. İstanbul; University of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery; 2021.
24. Di Paolo A-L, King S, McLean MA, Lequertier B, Elgbeili G, Kildea S, et al. Prenatal stress from the covid-19 pandemic predicts maternal postpartum anxiety as moderated by psychological factors: The Australian BITTOC study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022;314:68-77.
25. Palanci Ö. The effect of maternal functioning and postpartum depression status on breastfeeding self-efficacy. Master’s Thesis. Trabzon; Karedeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstacle And General Diseases Nursing; 2019.
26. Karataş P, Apay SE. Comparison of postpartum functional status of the postpartum women according to delivery mode. Sakarya Medical Journal. 2021;11(4):781-93.
27. Agbaje OS, Anyanwu JI, Umoke PI, Iwuagwu TE, Iweama CN, Ozoemena EL, et al. Depressive and anxiety symptoms and associated factors among postnatal women in Enugu-North Senatorial District, South-East Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Public Health. 2019;77:1-16.
28. Bener A, Gerber LM, Sheikh J. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors in women during their postpartum period: A major public health problem and global comparison. International Journal of Women's Health. 2012:191-200.
29. Liu Y, Guo N, Li T, Zhuang W, Jiang H. Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms among women in Shanghai, China. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;274:848-56.
30. Rus Prelog P, Vidmar Šimic M, Premru Sršen T, Rus Makovec M. Contextual-relationship and stress-related factors of postpartum depression symptoms in nulliparas: A prospective study from Ljubljana, Slovenia. Reproductive Health. 2019;16:1-9.
31. Sezer MN. Frequency of anxiety and depression and related factors in postpartic women in Sakarya. Master’s Thesis. Sakarya; Sakarya University, Medical School, Department of Family Medicine; 2021.
32. Shrestha S, Adachi K, Petrini M, Shrestha S. Factors Associated with post‐natal anxiety among primiparous mothers in Nepal. International Nursing Review. 2014;61(3):427-34.
33. Sufredini F, Catling C, Zugai J, Chang S. The effects of social support on depression and anxiety in the perinatal period: A mixed-methods systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022.
34. van der Zee-van AI, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CG, Reijneveld SA. Postpartum depression and anxiety: a community-based study on risk factors before, during and after pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;286:158-65.
35. Aydınkal B. The effects of primiparous maternal functions on breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal attachment. Master’s Thesis. Sivas; Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery; 2020.
36. Barkin JL, Bloch JR, Hawkins KC, Thomas TS. Barriers to optimal social support in the postpartum period. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2014;43(4):445-54.
37. Oruç M. Investigation of maternal attachment relationship with maternal function of women in postpartum period. Master’s Thesis. Antalya: Akdeniz University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing; 2018.
38. Şanlı Y, Öncel S. Evaluation of the functional status of woman after childbirth and effective factors. Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2014;11(2).
39. McVeigh CA. Anxiety and functional status after childbirth. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal. 2000;13(1):14-8.
40. Aktan NM. Functional status after childbirth and related concepts. Clinical Nursing Research. 2010;19(2):165-80.
41. Kaewdoo K, Baosoung C, Sansiriphun N. Anxiety, social support, and postpartum functional status among mothers with cesarean section. Nursing Journal. 2019;46(2):1-12.
42. Chandra N, Smitha MV. Functional status, social support, and anxiety among postnatal women of Eastern India. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X. 2023;20:100238.
43. Gholizadeh Shamasbi S, Barkin JL, Ghanbari-Homayi S, Eyvazzadeh O, Mirghafourvand M. The relationship between maternal functioning and mental health after childbirth in Iranian women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1558.
44. Lambermon F, Vandenbussche F, Dedding C, van Duijnhoven N. Maternal self-care in the early postpartum period: An integrative review. Midwifery. 2020;90:102799.
45. Hijazi HH, Alyahya MS, Al Abdi RM, Alolayyan MN, Sindiani AM, Raffee LA, et al. The impact of perceived social support during pregnancy on postpartum infant-focused anxieties: A prospective cohort study of mothers in Northern Jordan. International Journal of Women's Health. 2021:973-89.
46. Dol J, Richardson B, Grant A, Aston M, McMillan D, Tomblin Murphy G, et al. Influence of parity and infant age on maternal self‐efficacy, social support, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression in the first six months in the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Birth. 2021;48(3):438-47.
47. Istiqomah AL, Viandika N, Nisa SMK. Description of the level of anxiety in post partum. Indonesian Midwifery and Health Sciences Journal. 2021;5(4):333-9.

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Primary Health Care
Journal Section	Basic Science Research Articles
Authors	Emine Kılıç Doğan 0000-0002-5999-1166 Büşra Cesur 0000-0002-2813-7733
Publication Date	December 31, 2023
Submission Date	October 24, 2023
Acceptance Date	December 22, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023Volume: 45 Issue: 4

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AMA	Kılıç Doğan E, Cesur B. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTPARTUM ANXIETY AND MATERNAL FUNCTION IN MOTHERS. CMJ. December 2023;45(4):36-47. doi:10.7197/cmj.1380572

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