Research Article
Deprem Sonrası Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB): 6 Şubat 2023 Türkiye Depremlerinden On Bir Ay Sonra Temel Risk Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi
Abstract
Amaç
Depremler, fiziksel hasara ve hayatta kalanlar arasında psikolojik strese neden olan en önemli doğal afetlerden biridir. Depremler sonrasında ortaya çıkabilecek en önemli ruh sağlığı sorunlarından biri Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu’dur (TSSB). Bu çalışmada, 6 Şubat 2023 Türkiye depremlerinden on bir ay sonra TSSB yaygınlığı ve TSSB risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem
Çalışma, 19 Aralık 2023 ile 2 Ocak 2024 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm katılımcılara Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve DSM-5 Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi (PCL-5) uygulanmıştır. Kişisel Bilgi Formu üç bölümden oluşmaktadır: hayatta kalanların demografik özellikleri, travmanın özellikleri ve travma sonrası dönem özellikleri.
Bulgular
Çalışmaya 18-65 yaş aralığında toplam 886 katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların %55,4'ü (n=491) TSSB tanı kriterlerini karşılamaktadır. TSSB tanısı alma olasılığı erkek bireylerde 2,95 kat, yaralanan bireylerde 2,07 kat, kaçamayacağını hisseden bireylerde 2,30 kat ve aşırı korku veya panik yaşayan bireylerde 2,03 kat daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, aile üyesi veya yakın bir arkadaşı yaralanan bireylerde bu olasılık 1,65 kat, deprem sonrası işini kaybeden bireylerde 1,82 kat ve ekonomik sorunlar yaşayan bireylerde 1,67 kat daha fazladır.
Sonuç
Erkek cinsiyet, kaçışın imkansız olduğu algısı, aşırı korku veya panik yaşama, bir aile üyesi ya da yakın arkadaşın yaralanmasına tanıklık etme, deprem sonrası iş kaybı ve ekonomik sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalma, TSSB için önemli risk faktörleri olarak belirlenmiştir.
References
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- 7. Zhang Z, Ran MS, Li YH, et al. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychol Med. 2012;42(8):1687-1693. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002844
- 8. Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults and Children after Earthquakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1537. Published 2017 Dec 8. doi:10.3390/ijerph14121537
- 9. Dell'Osso L, Carmassi C, Massimetti G, et al. Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(2):174-180. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
- 10. Teramoto C., Matsunaga A., Nagata S. Cross-sectional study of social support and psychological distress among displaced earthquake survivors in Japan. Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci. 2015;12:320–329. doi: 10.1111/jjns.12071.
- 11. Liang Y, Cheng J, Ruzek JI, Liu Z. Posttraumatic stress disorder following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A 10-year systematic review among highly exposed populations in China. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:327-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.047
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- 14. Uniyal A, Singh R, Akhtar A, Dhaliwal J, Kuhad A, Sah SP. Pharmacological rewriting of fear memories: A beacon for post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;870:172824. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172824
- 15. Hosseinnejad M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Hajebi A, et al. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following the Earthquake in Iran and Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [published correction appears in Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022 Apr;16(2):841]. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(2):801-808. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.411
- 16. Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:188. Published 2016 Jun 7. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0891-9
- 17. Naeem F, Ayub M, Masood K, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1-2):268-274. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035
- 18. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59236. Published 2013 Apr 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059236
- 19. Paykel E, Norton K. Self-report and clinical interview in the assessment of depression. In: Sartorius N, Ban TA, eds. Assessment of Depression. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1986:356–366
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- 21. Baig MN, Sharif R, eds. Gender perspective considerations in disasters like earthquakes and floods of Pakistan. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. New York: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET); 2013.
- 22. Tang B, Liu X, Liu Y, Xue C, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:623. Published 2014 Jun 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-623
- 23. Abolhadi E, Divsalar P, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Dehesh T. Latent classes of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Bam Earthquake after 17 years. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):603. Published 2022 Sep 10. doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04216-3
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- 25. Chen G, Shen H, Chen G. A cross-sectional study on posttraumatic stress disorder among elderly Qiang citizens 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(9):547-553. doi:10.1177/070674371205700905
- 26. Jin Y, Li J. Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress in Adolescents 6 and 24 Months After the 2010 Yushu Earthquake in China. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2015;203(9):679-683. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000351
- 27. Ma X, Liu X, Hu X, et al. Risk indicators for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(3):385-391. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.016
- 28. Liu Q, Jiang M, Yang Y, et al. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Its Correlates Among Junior High School Students at 53 Months After Experiencing an Earthquake. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(3):414-418. doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.76
- 29. Wen J, Shi YK, Li YP, Yuan P, Wang F. Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population based survey. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
- 30. Zhou X, Kang L, Sun X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(5):493-499. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.010
- 31. Xu J, Song X. Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake 1 year after: prevalence and risk factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):431-437. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.002
- 32. Zhao, G.F., Yang, Y.C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S.S., Deng, H., Zhu, Y., et al. Prevalence and related factors for PTSD in community residents after the Wenchuan earthquake. Chin. Ment. Health J. 2009;23, 478–483.
- 33. Chen X, Xu J, Li B, et al. The Role of Personality and Subjective Exposure Experiences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptoms among Children Following Wenchuan Earthquake. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17223. Published 2017 Dec 8. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17440-9
- 34. Pan X, Liu W, Deng G, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1985-NP1994. doi:10.1177/1010539513488625
- 35. Fan F, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Mo L, Liu X. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. J Trauma Stress. 2011;24(1):44-53. doi:10.1002/jts.20599
- 36. Tian Y, Wong TK, Li J, Jiang X. Posttraumatic stress disorder and its risk factors among adolescent survivors three years after an 8.0 magnitude earthquake in China. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1073. Published 2014 Oct 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1073
- 37. Ying LH, Wu XC, Lin CD, Chen C. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(9):567-575. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0400-3
Post-Earthquake PTSD: Identifying Key Risk Factors Eleven Months After the February 2023 Turkey Earthquakes
Abstract
Objective
Earthquakes are one of the most significant natural disasters, causing physical damage and psychological stress among victims. One of the major mental health issues that can arise after earthquakes is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and PTSD risk factors in the eleventh month following the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Turkey.
Methods
Our study was conducted between Dec 19, 2023, and Jan 2, 2024. All participants were given the Personal Information Form and, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The Personal Information Form consists of three parts: survivors' characteristics, the characteristics of the trauma, and the post-trauma characteristics of the survivors.
Results
The study involved a total of 886 participants, aged between 18 and 65 years. Among the participants, 55.4% (n=491) were considered to have PTSD. The likelihood of receiving a diagnosis of PTSD is 2.95 times higher for male individuals, 2.07 times higher for injured individuals, 2.30 times higher for those who feel unable to escape their situation, and 2.03 times higher for individuals experiencing excessive fear or panic. Additionally, it is 1.65 times higher for individuals whose family member or close friend is injured, 1.82 times higher for individuals who lose their job after the earthquake, and 1.67 times higher for individuals experiencing economic problems after the earthquake.
Conclusion
Male gender, feeling trapped, experiencing extreme fear or panic, witnessing the injury of a family member or close friend, losing one's job after the earthquake, and facing economic problems after the earthquake are risk factors for PTSD.
References
- 1. Aker AT. 1999 Marmara Depremleri: Epidemiyolojik Bulgular ve Toplum Ruh Sağliği Uygulamalari Uzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme [1999 Marmara earthquakes: a review of epidemiologic findings and community mental health policies]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2006;17(3):204-212.
- 2. Ali M, Farooq N, Bhatti MA, Kuroiwa C. Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):238-243. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.023
- 3. 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık Ve Elbistan) Depremleri Saha Çalışmaları Ön Değerlendirme Raporu. Available from https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Arazi_Onrapor_28022023_surum1_revize.pdf
- 4. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kahramanmara%C5%9F_depremleri
- 5. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
- 6. Zhang Y, Ho SM. Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after the 512 Wenchuan earthquake in China. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022371
- 7. Zhang Z, Ran MS, Li YH, et al. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychol Med. 2012;42(8):1687-1693. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002844
- 8. Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults and Children after Earthquakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1537. Published 2017 Dec 8. doi:10.3390/ijerph14121537
- 9. Dell'Osso L, Carmassi C, Massimetti G, et al. Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L'Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(2):174-180. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
- 10. Teramoto C., Matsunaga A., Nagata S. Cross-sectional study of social support and psychological distress among displaced earthquake survivors in Japan. Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci. 2015;12:320–329. doi: 10.1111/jjns.12071.
- 11. Liang Y, Cheng J, Ruzek JI, Liu Z. Posttraumatic stress disorder following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A 10-year systematic review among highly exposed populations in China. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:327-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.047
- 12. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. The ptsd checklist for dsm-5 (pcl-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www. ptsd. va. gov, 2013;10(4).206.
- 13. Boysan, M., Guzel Ozdemir, P., Ozdemir, O., Selvi, Y., Yilmaz, E., & Kaya, N. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2017;27(3):300-310.
- 14. Uniyal A, Singh R, Akhtar A, Dhaliwal J, Kuhad A, Sah SP. Pharmacological rewriting of fear memories: A beacon for post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;870:172824. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172824
- 15. Hosseinnejad M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Hajebi A, et al. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following the Earthquake in Iran and Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [published correction appears in Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022 Apr;16(2):841]. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(2):801-808. doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.411
- 16. Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:188. Published 2016 Jun 7. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0891-9
- 17. Naeem F, Ayub M, Masood K, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1-2):268-274. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035
- 18. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59236. Published 2013 Apr 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059236
- 19. Paykel E, Norton K. Self-report and clinical interview in the assessment of depression. In: Sartorius N, Ban TA, eds. Assessment of Depression. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1986:356–366
- 20. Wade D, Fletcher S, Carty J, Creamer M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women. In: Castle DJ, Abel KM, eds. Comprehensive Women’s Mental Health. UK: Cambridge University Press; 2016:208.
- 21. Baig MN, Sharif R, eds. Gender perspective considerations in disasters like earthquakes and floods of Pakistan. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. New York: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET); 2013.
- 22. Tang B, Liu X, Liu Y, Xue C, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:623. Published 2014 Jun 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-623
- 23. Abolhadi E, Divsalar P, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Dehesh T. Latent classes of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Bam Earthquake after 17 years. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):603. Published 2022 Sep 10. doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04216-3
- 24. Ekşi A, Braun KL, Ertem-Vehid H, et al. Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2007;11(3):190-199. doi:10.1080/13651500601017548
- 25. Chen G, Shen H, Chen G. A cross-sectional study on posttraumatic stress disorder among elderly Qiang citizens 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(9):547-553. doi:10.1177/070674371205700905
- 26. Jin Y, Li J. Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress in Adolescents 6 and 24 Months After the 2010 Yushu Earthquake in China. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2015;203(9):679-683. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000351
- 27. Ma X, Liu X, Hu X, et al. Risk indicators for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(3):385-391. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.016
- 28. Liu Q, Jiang M, Yang Y, et al. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Its Correlates Among Junior High School Students at 53 Months After Experiencing an Earthquake. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(3):414-418. doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.76
- 29. Wen J, Shi YK, Li YP, Yuan P, Wang F. Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population based survey. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
- 30. Zhou X, Kang L, Sun X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(5):493-499. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.010
- 31. Xu J, Song X. Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake 1 year after: prevalence and risk factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):431-437. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.002
- 32. Zhao, G.F., Yang, Y.C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S.S., Deng, H., Zhu, Y., et al. Prevalence and related factors for PTSD in community residents after the Wenchuan earthquake. Chin. Ment. Health J. 2009;23, 478–483.
- 33. Chen X, Xu J, Li B, et al. The Role of Personality and Subjective Exposure Experiences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptoms among Children Following Wenchuan Earthquake. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17223. Published 2017 Dec 8. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17440-9
- 34. Pan X, Liu W, Deng G, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1985-NP1994. doi:10.1177/1010539513488625
- 35. Fan F, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Mo L, Liu X. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. J Trauma Stress. 2011;24(1):44-53. doi:10.1002/jts.20599
- 36. Tian Y, Wong TK, Li J, Jiang X. Posttraumatic stress disorder and its risk factors among adolescent survivors three years after an 8.0 magnitude earthquake in China. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1073. Published 2014 Oct 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1073
- 37. Ying LH, Wu XC, Lin CD, Chen C. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(9):567-575. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0400-3
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Mental Health Services |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | March 29, 2025 |
| Publication Date | March 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 25, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 24, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 47 Issue: 1 |
