New advances in the diagnosis, medical management and follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer

Hatice Dökmetaş; Fatih Kılıçlı; Volkan Özben; Ümit Tapan

New advances in the diagnosis, medical management and follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 508 - 515, 29.11.2011

Hatice Dökmetaş Fatih Kılıçlı Volkan Özben Ümit Tapan

Öz

Abstract

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), which behaves more aggressively than the other well-differentiated thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin, accounts for 10% of all thyroid cancer-related deaths. Most MTCs are sporadic however approximately 25% is hereditary as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2a and 2b). Both sporadic and inherited forms of MTC have a propensity for lymphatic and distant metastasis. The primary treatment of MTC is total thyroidectomy and removal of all neoplastic tissues present in the neck. After surgical treatment, measurements of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen are of paramount importance in the postoperative follow-up since these markers reﬂect the presence of persistent or recurrent disease. Systemic chemotherapy with dacarbazine, 5-ﬂuorouracil and doxorubicin, either alone or in combination, has shown very limited efﬁcacy, producing only partial responses in the range of 10-20% and of short duration. Although current treatment options for patients with metastatic and refractory MTC are limited, recent advances in molecular oncology have fostered the invention of novel small molecules which target speciﬁc pathways which are thought to be essential in the MTC carcinogenesis. Several kinase inhibitors are currently under evaluation and preliminary results are promising.

Keywords: Medullary thyroid cancer, thyrosine kinase inhibitors

Özet

Medüller Tiroid Kanseri (MTC) folikül hücrelerinden kaynaklanan iyi diferansiye tiroid kanserlerinden daha agresif seyreder ve tiroid hastalıklarına bağlı oluşan ölümlerin yaklaşık %10’unu oluşturur. MTC’rinin çoğu sporadik olarak ortaya çıkar fakat %25’i MEN Tip 2’nin bir parçası olarak herediter olabilir. MTC’nin her 2 formunda da lenf nodu metastazı ve uzak metastaz görülebilir. Hem sporadik hem de herediter formun primer tedavisi total tiroidektomi ve boyundaki tümör dokusunun tamamının çıkarılmasıdır. Total tiroidektomi sonrası serum CT (kalsitonin) ve CEA ölçümü MTC hastaların operasyon sonrası takibinde önemlidir çünkü bu belirteçlerdeki artış persistan veya rekürren hastalık olduğunu düşündürür. Dakarbazin, 5-florourasil ve doksorubisinle (tek veya kombinasyon şeklinde) sistemik kemoterapinin etkisi oldukça sınırlıdır, kısmi cevap %10-20 arasındadır ve kısa sürelidir. Metastatik veya rekürren MTC hastalarında günümüzde tedavi seçenekleri sınırlı olmasına rağmen moleküler onkolojideki son ilerlemeler MTC tümör oluşumunda önemli olduğu düşünülen spesifik yolaklara yönelik küçük moleküllerin gelişimini hızlandırmıştır. Bazı kinaz inhibitörleri MTC’lerinde denenmektedir ve ön sonuçlar ümit vericidir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Medüller tiroid kanseri, tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Sippel RS, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Current management of medullary thyroid cancer. Oncologist 2008; 13: 539-47.
Jiménez C, Hu MI, Gagel RF. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008: 37: 481-96.
Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 880-7.
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force, Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, Francis GL, Gagel RF, Gharib H, Moley JF, Pacini F, Ringel MD, Schlumberger M, Wells SA Jr. Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2009; 19: 565-612.
Wohllk N, Cote GJ, Bugalho MM, Ordonez N, Evans DB, Goepfert H, Khorana S, Schultz P, Richards CS, Gagel RF. Relevance of RET proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3740-5.
Farndon JR, Leight GS, Dilley WG, Baylin SB, Smallridge RC, Harrison TS, Wells SA Jr. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: a distinct clinical entity. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 278-81.
Vasen HF, van der Feltz M, Raue F, Kruseman AN, Koppeschaar HP, Pieters G, Seif FJ, Blum WF, Lips CJ. The natural course of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb. A study of 18 cases. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1250-2.
Pacini F, Castagna MG, Cipri C, Schlumberger M. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22: 475-85.
Bugalho MJ, Domingues R, Santos JR, Catarino AL, Sobrinho L. Mutation analysis of the RET proto-oncogene and early thyroidectomy: results of a Portuguese cancer centre. Surgery 2007; 141: 90-5.
Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C, Conte- Devolx B, Falchetti A, Gheri RG, Libroia A, Lips CJ, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Pacini F, Ponder BA, Raue F, Skogseid B, Tamburrano G, Thakker RV, Thompson NW, Tomassetti P, Tonelli F, Wells SA Jr, Marx SJ. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5658-71.
Russo AF, Clark MS, Durham PL. Thyroid parafollicular cells. An accessible model for the study of serotonergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 1996; 13: 257-76.
Motté P, Vauzelle P, Gardet P, Ghillani P, Caillou B, Parmentier C, Bohuon C, Bellet D. Construction and clinical validation of a sensitive and specific assay for serum mature calcitonin using monoclonal anti-peptide antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 174: 35-54.
Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, Demers LM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Henry JF, LiVosli VA, Niccoli-Sire P, John R, Ruf J, Smyth PP, Spencer CA, Stockigt JR; Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Calcitonin and RET proto-oncogene mesaurements. Thyroid 2003; 13: 68-79.
Machens A, Schneyer U, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H. Prospects of remission in medullary thyroid carcinoma according to basal calcitonin level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2029-34.
Erdoğan MF, Güllü S, Başkal N, Uysal AR, Kamel N, Erdoğan G. Omeprazole: calcitonin stimulation test for the diagnosis follow-up and family screening in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 897-9.
Sugawara M, Geffner DL, Martinez D, Hershman JM. Novel treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16: 367-72.
Romagnoli S, Moretti S, Voce P, Puxeddu E. Targeted molecular therapies in thyroid carcinoma. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53: 1061-73.
Torino F, Paragliola RM, Barnabei A, Corsello SM. Medullary thyroid cancer: a promising model for targeted therapy. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10: 608-25.
Woyach JA, Shah MH. New therapeutic advances in the management of progressive thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 715-31.
Sherman SI. Targeted therapy of thyroid cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80: 592-601.
Robinson BG, Paz-Ares L, Krebs A, Vasselli J, Haddad R. Vandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 2664-71.
Wells SA Jr, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, Dralle H, Fagin JA, Santoro M, Baudin E, Elisei R, Jarzab B, Vasselli JR, Read J, Langmuir P, Ryan AJ, Schlumberger MJ. Vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: A randomized, double blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2011.
Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 205-16.
Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, Wirth LJ, Martins RG, Locati LD, Jarzab B, Pacini F, Daumerie C, Droz JP, Eschenberg MJ, Sun YN, Juan T, Stepan DE, Sherman SI. Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3794-801.
Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4708-13.
Kurzrock R, Sherman SI, D H, Ng C, J F, L J, M R, R S 2008 A Phase I study of XL184, a MET, VEGFR2, a RET kinase inhibitor orally administered to patients with advanced malignancies: including a subgroup of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Proc 20th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland:119 (Abstract 379).
Cohen EEW, Needles BM, Cullen KJ, Wong SJ,Wade III JL, Ivy SP, Villaflor VM, Seiwert TY, Nichols K, Vokes EE. Phase 2 study of sunitinib in refractory thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol (Meeting abstracts) 2008; 26: 6025.
de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, van Ufford-Mannesse PQ, de Vries MM, Links TP, Lips CJ, Voest EE. A phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3466-9.
Frank-Raue K, Fabel M, Delorme S, Haberkorn U, Raue F. Efficacy of imatinib mesylate in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157: 215-20.
Sherman SI. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23: 713-22.
di Bartolomeo M, Bajetta E, Buzzoni R, Mariani L, Carnaghi C, Somma L, Zilembo N, di Leo A. Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group. Cancer 1996; 77: 402-8.
Vitale G, Tagliaferri P, Caraglia M, Rampone E, Ciccarelli A, Bianco AR, Abbruzzese A, Lupoli G. Slow release lanreotide in combination with interferon- alpha2b in the treatment of symptomatic advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 983-8.
Woyach JA, Shah MH. New therapeutic advances in the management of progressive thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 715-31.
Yamazaki M, Straus FH, Messina M, Robinson BG, Takeda T, Hashizume K, DeGroot LJ. Adenovirus-mediated tumor-specific combined gene therapy using Herpes simplex virus thymidine/ganciclovir system and murine interleukin-12 induces effective antitumor activity against medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11: 8-15.
Mitsiades CS, McMillin D, Kotoula V, Poulaki V, McMullan C, Negri J, Fanourakis G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Ain KB, Mitsiades N. Antitumor effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4013-21.
Pinchot SN, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Sippel RS, Chen H. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: targeted therapies and future directions. J Oncol 2009; 24: 1-7.
Woyach JA, Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Arbogast D, Collamore M, Zwiebel JA, Grever M, Villalona-Calero M, Shah MH. Lack of therapeutic effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat in patients with metastatic radioiodine- refractory thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 164-70.
Gilliam LK, Kohn AD, Lalani T, Swanson PE, Vasko V, Patel A, Livingston RB, Pickett CA. Capecitabine therapy for refractory metastatic thyroid carcinoma: a case series. Thyroid 2006; 16: 801-10.
Paiva CE, Michelin OC. Use of capecitabine in refractory metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2008; 18: 587.
Zatelli MC, Luchin A, Piccin D, Tagliati F, Bottoni A, Vignali C, Bondanelli M, degli Uberti EC. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reverse chemoresistance phenotype in medullary thyroid carcinoma by a permeability glycoprotein-mediated mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5754-60.
Mrozek E, Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Kresty L, Snider P, Arbogast D, Kies M, Munden R, Busaidy N, Klein MJ, Sherman SI, Shah MH. Phase II study of celecoxib in metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2201-4.
Eichelbaum EJ, Vesely BA, Alli AA, Sun Y, Gower WR Jr, Vesely DL. Four cardiac hormones eliminate up to 82% of human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells within 24 hours. Endocrine 2006; 30: 325-32.
Li Z, Sturm S, Svejda B, Höger H, Schraml E, Ingolic E, Siegl V, Stuppner H, Pfragner R. Anticancer activity of novel extracts from Cautleya gracilis (Smith) Dandy: apoptosis in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2705-13.

Medüller tiroid kanserinin tanı, takip ve medikal tedavisindeki yeni gelişmeler

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 508 - 515, 29.11.2011

Hatice Dökmetaş Fatih Kılıçlı Volkan Özben Ümit Tapan

Öz

Anahtar sözcükler: Medüller tiroid kanseri, tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri

Anahtar Kelimeler

Medüller tiroid kanseri, tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri

Kaynakça

Sippel RS, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Current management of medullary thyroid cancer. Oncologist 2008; 13: 539-47.
Jiménez C, Hu MI, Gagel RF. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008: 37: 481-96.
Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 880-7.
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force, Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, Francis GL, Gagel RF, Gharib H, Moley JF, Pacini F, Ringel MD, Schlumberger M, Wells SA Jr. Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2009; 19: 565-612.
Wohllk N, Cote GJ, Bugalho MM, Ordonez N, Evans DB, Goepfert H, Khorana S, Schultz P, Richards CS, Gagel RF. Relevance of RET proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3740-5.
Farndon JR, Leight GS, Dilley WG, Baylin SB, Smallridge RC, Harrison TS, Wells SA Jr. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: a distinct clinical entity. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 278-81.
Vasen HF, van der Feltz M, Raue F, Kruseman AN, Koppeschaar HP, Pieters G, Seif FJ, Blum WF, Lips CJ. The natural course of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb. A study of 18 cases. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1250-2.
Pacini F, Castagna MG, Cipri C, Schlumberger M. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22: 475-85.
Bugalho MJ, Domingues R, Santos JR, Catarino AL, Sobrinho L. Mutation analysis of the RET proto-oncogene and early thyroidectomy: results of a Portuguese cancer centre. Surgery 2007; 141: 90-5.
Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C, Conte- Devolx B, Falchetti A, Gheri RG, Libroia A, Lips CJ, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Pacini F, Ponder BA, Raue F, Skogseid B, Tamburrano G, Thakker RV, Thompson NW, Tomassetti P, Tonelli F, Wells SA Jr, Marx SJ. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5658-71.
Russo AF, Clark MS, Durham PL. Thyroid parafollicular cells. An accessible model for the study of serotonergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 1996; 13: 257-76.
Motté P, Vauzelle P, Gardet P, Ghillani P, Caillou B, Parmentier C, Bohuon C, Bellet D. Construction and clinical validation of a sensitive and specific assay for serum mature calcitonin using monoclonal anti-peptide antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 174: 35-54.
Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, Demers LM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Henry JF, LiVosli VA, Niccoli-Sire P, John R, Ruf J, Smyth PP, Spencer CA, Stockigt JR; Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Calcitonin and RET proto-oncogene mesaurements. Thyroid 2003; 13: 68-79.
Machens A, Schneyer U, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H. Prospects of remission in medullary thyroid carcinoma according to basal calcitonin level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2029-34.
Erdoğan MF, Güllü S, Başkal N, Uysal AR, Kamel N, Erdoğan G. Omeprazole: calcitonin stimulation test for the diagnosis follow-up and family screening in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 897-9.
Sugawara M, Geffner DL, Martinez D, Hershman JM. Novel treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16: 367-72.
Romagnoli S, Moretti S, Voce P, Puxeddu E. Targeted molecular therapies in thyroid carcinoma. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53: 1061-73.
Torino F, Paragliola RM, Barnabei A, Corsello SM. Medullary thyroid cancer: a promising model for targeted therapy. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10: 608-25.
Woyach JA, Shah MH. New therapeutic advances in the management of progressive thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 715-31.
Sherman SI. Targeted therapy of thyroid cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80: 592-601.
Robinson BG, Paz-Ares L, Krebs A, Vasselli J, Haddad R. Vandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 2664-71.
Wells SA Jr, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, Dralle H, Fagin JA, Santoro M, Baudin E, Elisei R, Jarzab B, Vasselli JR, Read J, Langmuir P, Ryan AJ, Schlumberger MJ. Vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: A randomized, double blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2011.
Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 205-16.
Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, Wirth LJ, Martins RG, Locati LD, Jarzab B, Pacini F, Daumerie C, Droz JP, Eschenberg MJ, Sun YN, Juan T, Stepan DE, Sherman SI. Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3794-801.
Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, Kies MS, Forastiere AA, Worden FP, Kane MA, Sherman E, Kim S, Bycott P, Tortorici M, Shalinsky DR, Liau KF, Cohen RB. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4708-13.
Kurzrock R, Sherman SI, D H, Ng C, J F, L J, M R, R S 2008 A Phase I study of XL184, a MET, VEGFR2, a RET kinase inhibitor orally administered to patients with advanced malignancies: including a subgroup of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Proc 20th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland:119 (Abstract 379).
Cohen EEW, Needles BM, Cullen KJ, Wong SJ,Wade III JL, Ivy SP, Villaflor VM, Seiwert TY, Nichols K, Vokes EE. Phase 2 study of sunitinib in refractory thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol (Meeting abstracts) 2008; 26: 6025.
de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, van Ufford-Mannesse PQ, de Vries MM, Links TP, Lips CJ, Voest EE. A phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3466-9.
Frank-Raue K, Fabel M, Delorme S, Haberkorn U, Raue F. Efficacy of imatinib mesylate in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157: 215-20.
Sherman SI. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23: 713-22.
di Bartolomeo M, Bajetta E, Buzzoni R, Mariani L, Carnaghi C, Somma L, Zilembo N, di Leo A. Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group. Cancer 1996; 77: 402-8.
Vitale G, Tagliaferri P, Caraglia M, Rampone E, Ciccarelli A, Bianco AR, Abbruzzese A, Lupoli G. Slow release lanreotide in combination with interferon- alpha2b in the treatment of symptomatic advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 983-8.
Woyach JA, Shah MH. New therapeutic advances in the management of progressive thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 715-31.
Yamazaki M, Straus FH, Messina M, Robinson BG, Takeda T, Hashizume K, DeGroot LJ. Adenovirus-mediated tumor-specific combined gene therapy using Herpes simplex virus thymidine/ganciclovir system and murine interleukin-12 induces effective antitumor activity against medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11: 8-15.
Mitsiades CS, McMillin D, Kotoula V, Poulaki V, McMullan C, Negri J, Fanourakis G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Ain KB, Mitsiades N. Antitumor effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4013-21.
Pinchot SN, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Sippel RS, Chen H. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: targeted therapies and future directions. J Oncol 2009; 24: 1-7.
Woyach JA, Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Arbogast D, Collamore M, Zwiebel JA, Grever M, Villalona-Calero M, Shah MH. Lack of therapeutic effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat in patients with metastatic radioiodine- refractory thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 164-70.
Gilliam LK, Kohn AD, Lalani T, Swanson PE, Vasko V, Patel A, Livingston RB, Pickett CA. Capecitabine therapy for refractory metastatic thyroid carcinoma: a case series. Thyroid 2006; 16: 801-10.
Paiva CE, Michelin OC. Use of capecitabine in refractory metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2008; 18: 587.
Zatelli MC, Luchin A, Piccin D, Tagliati F, Bottoni A, Vignali C, Bondanelli M, degli Uberti EC. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reverse chemoresistance phenotype in medullary thyroid carcinoma by a permeability glycoprotein-mediated mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5754-60.
Mrozek E, Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Kresty L, Snider P, Arbogast D, Kies M, Munden R, Busaidy N, Klein MJ, Sherman SI, Shah MH. Phase II study of celecoxib in metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2201-4.
Eichelbaum EJ, Vesely BA, Alli AA, Sun Y, Gower WR Jr, Vesely DL. Four cardiac hormones eliminate up to 82% of human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells within 24 hours. Endocrine 2006; 30: 325-32.
Li Z, Sturm S, Svejda B, Höger H, Schraml E, Ingolic E, Siegl V, Stuppner H, Pfragner R. Anticancer activity of novel extracts from Cautleya gracilis (Smith) Dandy: apoptosis in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2705-13.

Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Derlemeler
Yazarlar	Hatice Dökmetaş Fatih Kılıçlı Volkan Özben Ümit Tapan
Yayımlanma Tarihi	29 Kasım 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2011Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Dökmetaş H, Kılıçlı F, Özben V, Tapan Ü. New advances in the diagnosis, medical management and follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer. CMJ. Aralık 2011;33(4):508-515.

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