Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4, 618 - 628, 30.12.2013
Öz
Obstetric risks have increased among pregnancies following previous cesarean section deliveries. Placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancies, as abnormal placentation entities, represent two important clinical manifestations. Placenta accreta is characterised with a placenta that is abnormally adherent to uterine cavity because of the absence of decidua basalis and presence of incompletely developed fibrinoid layer. Placenta accreta occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies complicated with placenta previa. Placenta increta and percreta are the other serious abnormalities of placental implantation that demonstrates invasion of chorionic villi into the myometrium and uterine serosa respectively. Placenta accreta has been seen rarely as 1 in 30.000 births in 1950’s but the incidence of placenta accreta has increased recently to 1 in 553 and 2510 deliveries in parallel with increased cesarean sectio deliveries. Previous uterine surgery is the most important risk factor for placenta accreta. Thin, defectively formed or absent decidua basalis layer can not show resistance to deep penetration of trophoblasts and placenta invades this pathological region of uterus that has previously been traumatised by uterine surgery. Abnormal placental implantation impedes placental removal spontaneously following delivery. The first clinical sign of placenta accreta is profuse and life threatening bleeding that occurs during manuel removal of placenta. Placenta accreta is diagnosed with characteristic signs during prenatal ultrasound examination including color doppler modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging is also helpful for equivocal cases. Massive bleeding and resultant disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratuar distress syndrome, renal insufficiency, unplanned surgery and death are serious complications of placenta accreta. Preoperative and intraoperative management strategies of placenta accreta have been detailed in this review.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Placenta accreta management clinical approach treatment strategies
Kaynakça
- Knight M; UKOSS. Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 2007; 114: 1380-7.
- Norwitz ER. Defective implantation and placentation: laying the blueprint for pregnancy complications. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 13: 591-9.
- Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, Moawad AH, Caritis SN, Harper M, Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Miodovnik M, Carpenter M, Peaceman AM, O'Sullivan MJ, Sibai B, Langer O, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Mercer BM; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1226-32.
- Rosen T. Placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy: overlooked costs of the rising cesarean section rate. Clin Perinatol 2008; 35: 519-29.
- Hoffman MK, Sciscione AC. Placenta accreta and intrauterine fetal death in a woman with prior endometrial ablation: a case report. J Reprod Med 2004; 49: 384Pron G, Mocarski E, Bennett J, Vilos G, Common A, Vanderburgh L; Ontario UFE Collaborative Group. Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: the Ontario multicenter trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 67-76.
- Rao KP, Belogolovkin V, Yankowitz J, Spinnato JA 2nd. Abnormal placentation: evidence-based diagnosis and management of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012; 67: 503-19.
- Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD, Scioscia AL, Mattrey RF, Benirschke K, Resnik R. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 573-81.
- Levine D, Hulka CA, Ludmir J, Li W, Edelman RR. Placenta accreta: evaluation with color Doppler US, power Doppler US, and MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 205: 773-6.
- Yang JI, Lim YK, Kim HS, Chang KH, Lee JP, Ryu HS. Sonographic findings of placental lacunae and the prediction of adherent placenta in women with placenta previa totalis and prior Cesarean section. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 178-8
- Warshak CR, Ramos GA, Eskander R, Benirschke K, Saenz CC, Kelly TF, Moore TR, Resnik R. Effect of predelivery diagnosis in 99 consecutive cases of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 65-9.
- Comstock CH. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26:89-96.
- Comstock CH, Love JJ Jr, Bronsteen RA, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Huang RR, Lorenz RP. Sonographic detection of placenta accreta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1135-40.
- Comstock CH, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Bronsteen RA. The early sonographic appearance of placenta accreta. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 19-23.
- Twickler DM, Lucas MJ, Balis AB, Santos-Ramos R, Martin L, Malone S, Rogers B. Color flow mapping for myometrial invasion in women with a prior cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Med 2000; 9: 330-5.
- Maldjian C, Adam R, Pelosi M, Pelosi M 3rd, Rudelli RD, Maldjian J. MRI appearance of placenta percreta and placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 17: 965-71.
- Kirkinen P, Helin-Martikainen HL, Vanninen R, Partanen K. Placenta accreta: imaging by gray-scale and contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1998; 26: 90-4.
- Grosvenor A, Silver R, Porter TF, Zempolich, K. Optimal management of placenta accreta. Am J Obste Gynecol 2007; 195: S82.
- Lax A, Prince MR, Mennitt KW, Schwebach JR, Budorick NE. The value of specific MRI features in the evaluation of suspected placental invasion. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 87-93.
- Butler EL, Dashe JS, Ramus RM. Association between maternal serum alphafetoprotein and adverse outcomes in pregnancies with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 35-8.
- Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT. Risk factors for placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 545-50.
- Zelop C, Nadel A, Frigoletto FD Jr, Pauker S, MacMillan M, Benacerraf BR.Placenta accreta/percreta/increta: a cause of elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 693-4.
- Mazouni C, Gorincour G, Juhan V, Bretelle F. Placenta accreta: a review of current advances in prenatal diagnosis. Placenta 2007; 28: 599-603.
- Zelop CM, Harlow BL, Frigoletto FD Jr, Safon LE, Saltzman DH. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1443-8.
- Glaze S, Ekwalanga P, Roberts G, Lange I, Birch C, Rosengarten A, Jarrell J, Ross S. Peripartum hysterectomy: 1999 to 2006. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 732
- Bakri YN, Sundin T. Cystotomy for placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion. Urology 1992; 40: 580.
- O'Brien JM, Barton JR, Donaldson ES. The management of placenta percreta: conservative and operative strategies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 1632-8.
- Estella NM, Berry DL, Baker BW, Wali AT, Belfort MA. Normovolemic hemodilution before cesarean hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 669-70.
- Nagy CJ, Wheeler AS, Archer TL. Acute normovolemic hemodilution, intraoperative cell salvage and PulseCO hemodynamic monitoring in a Jehovah's Witness with placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 159-63.
- Grange CS, Douglas MJ, Adams TJ, Wadsworth LD. The use of acute hemodilution in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 156-60.
- Kreimeier U, Messmer K. Perioperative hemodilution. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 59-72.
- Dubois J, Garel L, Grignon A, Lemay M, Leduc L. Placenta percreta: balloon occlusion and embolization of the internal iliac arteries to reduce intraoperative blood losses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 723-6.
- Paull JD, Smith J, Williams L, Davison G, Devine T, Holt M. Balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta during caesarean hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 731-4.
- Kidney DD, Nguyen AM, Ahdoot D, Bickmore D, Deutsch LS, Majors C. Prophylactic perioperative hypogastric artery balloon occlusion in abnormal placentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 1521-4.
- Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC, Wang JH, Chang CY.Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 96-101.
- Ojala K, Perälä J, Kariniemi J, Ranta P, Raudaskoski T, Tekay A. Arterial embolization and prophylactic catheterization for the treatment for severe obstetric hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 1075-80.
- Salazar GM, Petrozza JC, Walker TG. Transcatheter endovascular techniques for management of obstetrical and gynecologic emergencies. Transcatheter endovascular techniques for management of obstetrical and gynecologic emergencies. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 12: 139-47.
- Chou MM, Hwang JI, Tseng JJ, Ho ES. Internal iliac artery embolization before hysterectomy for placenta accreta. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 1195.
- Angstmann T, Gard G, Harrington T, Ward E, Thomson A, Giles W. Surgical management of placenta accreta: a cohort series and suggested approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 38.e1-9.
- Dilauro MD, Dason S, Athreya S. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of internal iliac arteries in women with placenta accreta: literature review and analysis. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 515-20.
- Shrivastava V, Nageotte M, Major C, Haydon M, Wing D. Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 402.e1-5.
- Bodner LJ, Nosher JL, Gribbin C, Siegel RL, Beale S, Scorza W. Balloonassisted occlusion of the internal iliac arteries in patients with placenta accreta/percreta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 29: 354-61.
- Greenberg JI, Suliman A, Iranpour P, Angle N. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries to treat abnormal placentation: a cautionary case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 470.e1-4.
- Sziller I, Hupuczi P, Papp Z. Hypogastric artery ligation for severe hemorrhage in obstetric patients. J Perinat Med 2007; 35: 187-92.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists Number 76, October 2006: postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1039-47.
- Riggs JC, Jahshan A, Schiavello HJ. Alternative conservative management of placenta accreta. A case report. J Reprod Med 2000; 45: 595-8.
- Schnorr JA, Singer JS, Udoff EJ, Taylor PT. Late uterine wedge resection of placenta increta. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 823-5.
- Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Pesaresi M, Nassif JC, Hermosid S.Anterior placenta percreta: surgical approach, hemostasis and uterine repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: 738-44.
- Sentilhes L, Ambroselli C, Kayem G, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, Winer N, Pierre F, Benachi A, Dreyfus M, Bauville E, Mahieu-Caputo D, Marpeau L, Descamps P, Goffinet F, Bretelle F. Maternal outcome after conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 526-34.
- Pinho S, Sarzedas S, Pedroso S, Santos A, Rebordão M, Avillez T, Casal E, Hermida M. Partial placenta increta and methotrexate therapy: three case reports. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 221-4.
- Raziel A, Golan A, Ariely S, Herman A, Caspi E. Repeated ultrasonography and intramuscular methotrexate in the conservative management of residual adherent placenta. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 288-90.
- Legro RS, Price FV, Hill LM, Caritis SN. Nonsurgical management of placenta percreta: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 847-9.
- Sentilhes L, Kayem G, Ambroselli C, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, Winer N, Pierre F, Benachi A, Dreyfus M, Bauville E, Mahieu-Caputo D, Marpeau L, Descamps P, Bretelle F, Goffinet F. Fertility and pregnancy outcomes following conservative treatment for placenta accreta. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 2803-10.
- Gielchinsky Y, Mankuta D, Rojansky N, Laufer N, Gielchinsky I, Ezra Y. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 527-30.
- Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran. Morbidly adherent placenta. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine 2010; 20: 272-7.
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4, 618 - 628, 30.12.2013
Öz
Önceki sezaryan doğumları takibeden gebeliklerde obstetrik riskler artmıştır. Anormal plasentasyon oluşumları olarak plasenta akreta ve sezaryan skar gebelikleri iki önemli klinik durumdur. Plasenta akreta; plasentanın uterin kaviteye desidua bazalisin yokluğu nedeni ile anormal bir şekilde yapışması ve fibrinoid tabakanın inkomplet gelişimi ile karakterize bir tanıdır. Plasenta previa ile komplike olan gebeliklerin %5-10’unda plasenta akreta olur. Plasental implantasyonun daha ciddi anormallikleri, koryonik villusların myometriyum içine kadar invaze olduğu plasenta inkreta ve koryonik villusların uterus serozasını penetre ettiği plasenta perkretadır. 1950’li yıllarda yaklaşık 30.000 doğumda bir görülen plasenta akretanın insidansı son yıllarda artan sezaryan ile doğumların prevelansındaki artışa paralel olarak 553 ile 2510 doğumda bir görülmeye başlamıştır. Plasenta akretanın en önemli risk faktörü önceki geçirilmiş uterus cerrahisidir. Alt uterin segmentin skarlı alanındaki ince, kötü oluşan veya olmayan desidua bazalis tabakasının trofoblastların derin penetrasyonuna direnç gösterememez ve plasenta önceki uterin cerrahiye bağlı olarak travmatize olan uterusun patolojik bir bölgesini invaze eder. Anormal plasental implantasyon doğumu takiben plasentanın normal ayrılmasına engel olur. Plasenta akretanın ilk klinik bulgusu manuel plasenta ayrılması girişimi sırasında meydana gelen aşırı ve hayatı tehdit eden kanamadır. Plasenta akretaya renkli dopler modalitelerini de içeren prenatal ultrason muayenesindeki karakteristik bulguların varlığı ile tanı konur. Şüpheli vakalarda manyetik rezonans görüntüleme yararlı olur. Masif kanama ve bunun sonucunda gelişebilen dissemine intravasküler koagülasyon, erişkin respiratuar distres sendromu, böbrek yetmezliği, planlanmamış cerrahi ve ölüm plasenta akretanın en ciddi komplikasyonlarıdır. Plasenta akretanın preoperatif ve intraoperatif yönetim stratejileri bu derlemede detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Knight M; UKOSS. Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 2007; 114: 1380-7.
- Norwitz ER. Defective implantation and placentation: laying the blueprint for pregnancy complications. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 13: 591-9.
- Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, Moawad AH, Caritis SN, Harper M, Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Miodovnik M, Carpenter M, Peaceman AM, O'Sullivan MJ, Sibai B, Langer O, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Mercer BM; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1226-32.
- Rosen T. Placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy: overlooked costs of the rising cesarean section rate. Clin Perinatol 2008; 35: 519-29.
- Hoffman MK, Sciscione AC. Placenta accreta and intrauterine fetal death in a woman with prior endometrial ablation: a case report. J Reprod Med 2004; 49: 384Pron G, Mocarski E, Bennett J, Vilos G, Common A, Vanderburgh L; Ontario UFE Collaborative Group. Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: the Ontario multicenter trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 67-76.
- Rao KP, Belogolovkin V, Yankowitz J, Spinnato JA 2nd. Abnormal placentation: evidence-based diagnosis and management of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012; 67: 503-19.
- Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD, Scioscia AL, Mattrey RF, Benirschke K, Resnik R. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 573-81.
- Levine D, Hulka CA, Ludmir J, Li W, Edelman RR. Placenta accreta: evaluation with color Doppler US, power Doppler US, and MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 205: 773-6.
- Yang JI, Lim YK, Kim HS, Chang KH, Lee JP, Ryu HS. Sonographic findings of placental lacunae and the prediction of adherent placenta in women with placenta previa totalis and prior Cesarean section. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 178-8
- Warshak CR, Ramos GA, Eskander R, Benirschke K, Saenz CC, Kelly TF, Moore TR, Resnik R. Effect of predelivery diagnosis in 99 consecutive cases of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 65-9.
- Comstock CH. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26:89-96.
- Comstock CH, Love JJ Jr, Bronsteen RA, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Huang RR, Lorenz RP. Sonographic detection of placenta accreta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1135-40.
- Comstock CH, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Bronsteen RA. The early sonographic appearance of placenta accreta. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 19-23.
- Twickler DM, Lucas MJ, Balis AB, Santos-Ramos R, Martin L, Malone S, Rogers B. Color flow mapping for myometrial invasion in women with a prior cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Med 2000; 9: 330-5.
- Maldjian C, Adam R, Pelosi M, Pelosi M 3rd, Rudelli RD, Maldjian J. MRI appearance of placenta percreta and placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 17: 965-71.
- Kirkinen P, Helin-Martikainen HL, Vanninen R, Partanen K. Placenta accreta: imaging by gray-scale and contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1998; 26: 90-4.
- Grosvenor A, Silver R, Porter TF, Zempolich, K. Optimal management of placenta accreta. Am J Obste Gynecol 2007; 195: S82.
- Lax A, Prince MR, Mennitt KW, Schwebach JR, Budorick NE. The value of specific MRI features in the evaluation of suspected placental invasion. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 87-93.
- Butler EL, Dashe JS, Ramus RM. Association between maternal serum alphafetoprotein and adverse outcomes in pregnancies with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 35-8.
- Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT. Risk factors for placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 545-50.
- Zelop C, Nadel A, Frigoletto FD Jr, Pauker S, MacMillan M, Benacerraf BR.Placenta accreta/percreta/increta: a cause of elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 693-4.
- Mazouni C, Gorincour G, Juhan V, Bretelle F. Placenta accreta: a review of current advances in prenatal diagnosis. Placenta 2007; 28: 599-603.
- Zelop CM, Harlow BL, Frigoletto FD Jr, Safon LE, Saltzman DH. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1443-8.
- Glaze S, Ekwalanga P, Roberts G, Lange I, Birch C, Rosengarten A, Jarrell J, Ross S. Peripartum hysterectomy: 1999 to 2006. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 732
- Bakri YN, Sundin T. Cystotomy for placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion. Urology 1992; 40: 580.
- O'Brien JM, Barton JR, Donaldson ES. The management of placenta percreta: conservative and operative strategies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 1632-8.
- Estella NM, Berry DL, Baker BW, Wali AT, Belfort MA. Normovolemic hemodilution before cesarean hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 669-70.
- Nagy CJ, Wheeler AS, Archer TL. Acute normovolemic hemodilution, intraoperative cell salvage and PulseCO hemodynamic monitoring in a Jehovah's Witness with placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 159-63.
- Grange CS, Douglas MJ, Adams TJ, Wadsworth LD. The use of acute hemodilution in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 156-60.
- Kreimeier U, Messmer K. Perioperative hemodilution. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 59-72.
- Dubois J, Garel L, Grignon A, Lemay M, Leduc L. Placenta percreta: balloon occlusion and embolization of the internal iliac arteries to reduce intraoperative blood losses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 723-6.
- Paull JD, Smith J, Williams L, Davison G, Devine T, Holt M. Balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta during caesarean hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 731-4.
- Kidney DD, Nguyen AM, Ahdoot D, Bickmore D, Deutsch LS, Majors C. Prophylactic perioperative hypogastric artery balloon occlusion in abnormal placentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 1521-4.
- Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC, Wang JH, Chang CY.Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 96-101.
- Ojala K, Perälä J, Kariniemi J, Ranta P, Raudaskoski T, Tekay A. Arterial embolization and prophylactic catheterization for the treatment for severe obstetric hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 1075-80.
- Salazar GM, Petrozza JC, Walker TG. Transcatheter endovascular techniques for management of obstetrical and gynecologic emergencies. Transcatheter endovascular techniques for management of obstetrical and gynecologic emergencies. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 12: 139-47.
- Chou MM, Hwang JI, Tseng JJ, Ho ES. Internal iliac artery embolization before hysterectomy for placenta accreta. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 1195.
- Angstmann T, Gard G, Harrington T, Ward E, Thomson A, Giles W. Surgical management of placenta accreta: a cohort series and suggested approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 38.e1-9.
- Dilauro MD, Dason S, Athreya S. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of internal iliac arteries in women with placenta accreta: literature review and analysis. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 515-20.
- Shrivastava V, Nageotte M, Major C, Haydon M, Wing D. Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 402.e1-5.
- Bodner LJ, Nosher JL, Gribbin C, Siegel RL, Beale S, Scorza W. Balloonassisted occlusion of the internal iliac arteries in patients with placenta accreta/percreta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 29: 354-61.
- Greenberg JI, Suliman A, Iranpour P, Angle N. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries to treat abnormal placentation: a cautionary case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 470.e1-4.
- Sziller I, Hupuczi P, Papp Z. Hypogastric artery ligation for severe hemorrhage in obstetric patients. J Perinat Med 2007; 35: 187-92.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists Number 76, October 2006: postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1039-47.
- Riggs JC, Jahshan A, Schiavello HJ. Alternative conservative management of placenta accreta. A case report. J Reprod Med 2000; 45: 595-8.
- Schnorr JA, Singer JS, Udoff EJ, Taylor PT. Late uterine wedge resection of placenta increta. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 823-5.
- Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Pesaresi M, Nassif JC, Hermosid S.Anterior placenta percreta: surgical approach, hemostasis and uterine repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: 738-44.
- Sentilhes L, Ambroselli C, Kayem G, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, Winer N, Pierre F, Benachi A, Dreyfus M, Bauville E, Mahieu-Caputo D, Marpeau L, Descamps P, Goffinet F, Bretelle F. Maternal outcome after conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 526-34.
- Pinho S, Sarzedas S, Pedroso S, Santos A, Rebordão M, Avillez T, Casal E, Hermida M. Partial placenta increta and methotrexate therapy: three case reports. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 221-4.
- Raziel A, Golan A, Ariely S, Herman A, Caspi E. Repeated ultrasonography and intramuscular methotrexate in the conservative management of residual adherent placenta. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 288-90.
- Legro RS, Price FV, Hill LM, Caritis SN. Nonsurgical management of placenta percreta: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 847-9.
- Sentilhes L, Kayem G, Ambroselli C, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, Winer N, Pierre F, Benachi A, Dreyfus M, Bauville E, Mahieu-Caputo D, Marpeau L, Descamps P, Bretelle F, Goffinet F. Fertility and pregnancy outcomes following conservative treatment for placenta accreta. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 2803-10.
- Gielchinsky Y, Mankuta D, Rojansky N, Laufer N, Gielchinsky I, Ezra Y. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 527-30.
- Stergios K. Doumouchtsis, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran. Morbidly adherent placenta. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine 2010; 20: 272-7.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2013 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2013Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4 |